Chapter 4, Unit 2
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| genetics | the study of heredity and variation of living organisms and how genetic information is passed from one generation to the next
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| somatic cell | a plant or animal cell that forms the body of the organism; excludes reproductive cells
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| chromosome | a structure in the nucleus that contains DNA
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| sister chromatid | one of two chromosomes that are genetically identical and held together at the centromere
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| centromere | the region where two sister chromatids are held together in a chromosome
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| spindle fibre | a microtubule structure that facilitates the movement of chromosomes within a cell
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| centrosome | a structure that helps to form the spindle fibres
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| genome | the complete DNA sequence of an organism
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| sex chromosome | an X or Y chromosome, which determines the genetic sex of an organism
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| autosome | a chromosome that is not involved in determining the sex of an organism
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| homologous chromosome | a chromosome that contains the same sequence of genes as another chromosome
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| gene | a part of a chromosome that governs the expression of a trait and is passed on to offspring; it has a specific DNA sequence
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| allele | a different form of the same gene
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| karyotype | a photograph of pairs of homologous chromosomes in cell
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| asexual reproduction | reproduction that requires only one parent and produces genetically identical offspring
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| sexual reproduction | reproduction that requires two parents and produces genetically distinct offspring
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| gamete | a male or female reproductive cell
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| zygote | a cell formed by the fusion of two gametes
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| fertilization | in humans, the joining of male and female haploid gametes
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| haploid | a cell that contains half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell
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| diploid | a cell that contains pairs of homologous chromosomes
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| meiosis | the cellular process that produces cells containing half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell
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| synapsis | the aligning of homologous chromosomes during prophase 1 in meiosis 1
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| spermatogenesis | the process of producing male gametes (sperm) in mammals
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| oogenesis | the process of producing female gametes (eggs) in mammals
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| crossing over | the exchange of chromosomal segments between a pair of homologous chromosomes
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| non-disjunction | the failure of homologous chromosome pairs or sister chromatids to separate during meiosis
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| monosomy | the loss of a chromosome as a result of non-disjunction
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| trisomy | the gain of an extra chromosome as a result of non-disjunction
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| selective breeding | the process of breeding plants and animals for desirable traits
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| artificial insemination | the process by which sperm are collected and concentrated before being introduced into the female's reproductive system
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| embryo transfer | the process by which an egg that has been fertilized artificially is transferred into a recipient female's uterus
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| in vitro fertilization | the technique used to fertilize egg cells outside the female's body
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| cloning | a process that produces identical copies of genes, cells, or organisms
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| gene cloning | the use of DNA manipulation techniques to produce multiple copies of a single gene or segment of DNA
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| recombinant DNA | a molecule of DNA that includes genetic material from different sources
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| therapeutic cloning | the process of replacing an egg cell's nucleus with the nucleus from a somatic donor cell of genetically identical cells
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| reproductive cloning | the process of producing genetically identical organisms
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| stem cell | an undifferentiated cell that can develop and become specialized into different cell types of the body
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Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
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To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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