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11 Biology
Chapter 4, Unit 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| genetics | the study of heredity and variation of living organisms and how genetic information is passed from one generation to the next |
| somatic cell | a plant or animal cell that forms the body of the organism; excludes reproductive cells |
| chromosome | a structure in the nucleus that contains DNA |
| sister chromatid | one of two chromosomes that are genetically identical and held together at the centromere |
| centromere | the region where two sister chromatids are held together in a chromosome |
| spindle fibre | a microtubule structure that facilitates the movement of chromosomes within a cell |
| centrosome | a structure that helps to form the spindle fibres |
| genome | the complete DNA sequence of an organism |
| sex chromosome | an X or Y chromosome, which determines the genetic sex of an organism |
| autosome | a chromosome that is not involved in determining the sex of an organism |
| homologous chromosome | a chromosome that contains the same sequence of genes as another chromosome |
| gene | a part of a chromosome that governs the expression of a trait and is passed on to offspring; it has a specific DNA sequence |
| allele | a different form of the same gene |
| karyotype | a photograph of pairs of homologous chromosomes in cell |
| asexual reproduction | reproduction that requires only one parent and produces genetically identical offspring |
| sexual reproduction | reproduction that requires two parents and produces genetically distinct offspring |
| gamete | a male or female reproductive cell |
| zygote | a cell formed by the fusion of two gametes |
| fertilization | in humans, the joining of male and female haploid gametes |
| haploid | a cell that contains half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell |
| diploid | a cell that contains pairs of homologous chromosomes |
| meiosis | the cellular process that produces cells containing half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell |
| synapsis | the aligning of homologous chromosomes during prophase 1 in meiosis 1 |
| spermatogenesis | the process of producing male gametes (sperm) in mammals |
| oogenesis | the process of producing female gametes (eggs) in mammals |
| crossing over | the exchange of chromosomal segments between a pair of homologous chromosomes |
| non-disjunction | the failure of homologous chromosome pairs or sister chromatids to separate during meiosis |
| monosomy | the loss of a chromosome as a result of non-disjunction |
| trisomy | the gain of an extra chromosome as a result of non-disjunction |
| selective breeding | the process of breeding plants and animals for desirable traits |
| artificial insemination | the process by which sperm are collected and concentrated before being introduced into the female's reproductive system |
| embryo transfer | the process by which an egg that has been fertilized artificially is transferred into a recipient female's uterus |
| in vitro fertilization | the technique used to fertilize egg cells outside the female's body |
| cloning | a process that produces identical copies of genes, cells, or organisms |
| gene cloning | the use of DNA manipulation techniques to produce multiple copies of a single gene or segment of DNA |
| recombinant DNA | a molecule of DNA that includes genetic material from different sources |
| therapeutic cloning | the process of replacing an egg cell's nucleus with the nucleus from a somatic donor cell of genetically identical cells |
| reproductive cloning | the process of producing genetically identical organisms |
| stem cell | an undifferentiated cell that can develop and become specialized into different cell types of the body |
Created by:
honey.deering
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