Gene and the cell terminology
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| Replication | The process of duplicating DNA before cell division
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| Polymerase | An enzyme that synthesizes long chains of nucleic acid by adding nucleotides to the 3' end of the primer
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| Helicase | A protein that uses energy from ATP hydrolysis to unwind DNA
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| Ligase | The enzyme that catalyzes the final phosphodiester linkage between DNA fragments
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| Primase | The enzyme that sythesises the primer DNA one nucleotide at a time
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| Primer | A starter strand of RNA that is complementary to the DNA template
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| Leading Strand | Made by continuous synthesis from a single primer
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| Lagging Strand | Made by synthesis of Okazaki fragments from multiple primers
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| Replication Origin | Where the replication begins. Eukaryotes have many origins of replication
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| Telomere | A repetitive sequence of bases at the end of chromosomes that protects the sequence of bases
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| PCR | Polymerase Chain Reaction is a technique used to amplify segments of DNA by a few orders of magnitude, generating thousands of copies of the sequence
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| Chain Termination | When dideoxynucleotides block DNA synthesis
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| Template | An original strand of DNA to be replicated
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| Reverse Compliment | The contents of the opposing strand of DNA to the one in question
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| Quality Score | A measure of the quality of the identification of the nucleobases generated by DNA sequences
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| Deoxynucleotide | The structure that makes up a strand of DNA when repeated
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| Dideoxynucleotide | Chain-elongating inhibitors of DNA polymerase
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| Base pair | Two nucleobases bound together by hydrogen bonds
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| Central Dogma | "DNA makes RNA makes protein"
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| DNA | A molecule carrying the genetic information of a molecule
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| RNA | A molecule involved in coding, recoding, regulation and expression of genes
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| Promoter | The region of DNA that initiates transcription of a particular gene
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| Transcription start site | The location where transcription starts at the 5' end of a gene sequence
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| Termination Site | A section of the nucleic acid sequence which marks the end of the gene or operon
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| Core RNA polymerase | The subunits of RNA polymerase needed for catalytic activity. It does not have a sigma factor
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| Holo RNA polymerase | Contains the sigma subunit which decreases affinity for non-specific DNA and increases affinity for promoters
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| Sigma Factor | A protein needed only for the initiation of RNA synthesis
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| Promoter Recognition | Transcription factors recognizing and recruiting RNA polymerase and bind it to the promoter
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| Closed complexes | When RNA polymerase binds to promoter DNA (Two Strands)
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| Open Complexes | The combination of one strand of DNA and one strand of RNA polymerase
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| Core Promoter | The minimal DNA sequence which directs accurate initiation of transcription
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| Distal Regulatory elements | Enhancers, inhibitor, silencers and locus control regions located far away from the genes they control
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| General (basal) transcription factors (eg. TFIID, TFIIB) | Transcription factors that bind to promoters to activate transcription from DNA to mRNA
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| Enhancers | Region of DNA that increases the likelihood a particular gene will be transcribed
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| Activators | A protein that binds to an enhancer that increases transcription of a particular gene
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| CTD of Pol II | C-terminal repeat domain is an extension of the C-terminus of an RNA subunit and acts as a binding scaffold for nuclear factors
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| Splice site | The point at which an intron is spiced out of the code
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| Intron | A noncoding sequence of genetic material
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| Exon | A coding section of genetic material
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| Complimentary Strand | DNA synthesized from a single stranded RNA molecule
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| Splicesome | A molecular machine that removes introns from pre-mRNA
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| Gene expression | The process from which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product
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| 5' cap | A specially altered nucleotide on the 5' end of pre-mRNA and helps create stable and mature mRNA that can be translated
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| poly A tail | 100-300 A bases which may be important in export from the nucleus and help stabilize mRNA
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| Operon | Linked genes which regulate other genes responsible for protein synthesis
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| Transcription regulatory protein | Activators and Repressors which decide which genes are transcribed and when
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| Inducer | A compound which induces protein synthesis
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| Regulatory sequence | A segment of nucleic acid sequence capable of increasing or decreasing the expression of specific genes within an organism
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| polycistronic mRNA | An mRNA that codes for several proteins. Common in bacteria and chloroplasts
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| Constitutive | Made at a constant rate
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| Inducible | Needs an inducer to begin synthesis
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| Catabolite Repression | Inhibition of the synthesis of enzymes involved in catabolism of carbon sources other than the preferred one
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| Consensus Sequences | The calculated order of the most frequent residues found at each position of a sequence alignment
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| Structural gene | Genes that encode proteins
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| Regulatory gene | Controls the expression of one or more other genes
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| Sequence specific transcription factor | A protein that binds to specific DNA sequences to control the rate of transcription
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| Enhanceosome | A protein complex created at the enhancer that regulates expression of a target gene
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| DNA binding domain | An independently folded protein domain with a structural motif that recognises DNA
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| Dimerization domain | A specialized domain in a protein that ensures dimerization
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| Activation Domain | A transcription factor scaffold domain that has binding sites for other proteins
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| Cooperativity | When the attachment of a specific molecule increases affinity for other similar molecules
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| Epigenetics | The study of heritable changes in gene function that do not involve changes in the DNA sequence
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| 5'-methylcytosine | The methylated form of cytosine which may be involved in the regulation of transcription
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| DNA methyltransferase | An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group to DNA
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| CpG islands | Regions with a high frequency of CpG sites
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| Chromatin modification | Modifications function either by disrupting chromatin contacts or by affecting the recruitment of nonhistone proteins to chromatin
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| Chromatin remodelling | The dynamic modification of chromatin architecture to allow access of condensed genomic DNA to the regulatory transcription machinery proteins, and thereby control gene expression.
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| Nucleosome | The fundamental subunit of chromatin
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| Histone code | The transcription of Dna is partially regulated by chemical changes in histone proteins
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| Histone acetylase | When lysine residues protruding from the histone core of the nucleosome are acetylated
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| Histone deacetylase | When lysine residues protruding from the histone core of the nucleosome are deacetylated
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| Euchromatin | Lightly packed form of chromatin enriched in genes
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| Heterochromatin | Tightly packed DNA
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| Insulators/boundary elements | An insulator is a genetic boundary element that blocks the interaction between enhancers and promoters
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| Genomic Imprinting | An epigenetic phenomenon that causes genes to be expressed in a parent-of-origin-specific manner
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| Translation | mRNA is decoded to produce amino acids
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| Ribosome | The site of protein synthesis
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| Amino Acid | The triplet codons that code for specific proteins
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| Genetic Code | The genetic code is the set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material is translated into proteins
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| Redundancy | When codons code for more than one amino acid
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| mRNA | Messenger ribonucleic acid. They convey genetic information fro DNA to the ribosome
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| tRNA | Transfer RNA that serves as a link between amino acids and the mRNA
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| rRNA | Ribosomal RNA is the RNA component of the ribosome and is essential for protein synthesis
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| codon | A sequence of DNA or RNA that corresponds to a particular amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis
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| Anticodon | A sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a tRNA molecule corresponding to a complementary mRNA codon
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| Charged (aminoacyl)-tRNA | tRNA to which its cognated amino acid is chemically bonded
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| Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase | An enzyme that attaches the appropriate amino acid onto its tRNA
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| Wobble base | A pairing between two nucleotides in RNA that do not follow standard base pairing rules
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| Peptide bond formation | a chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule. It is a condensation reaction
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| Start codon | The first codon of an mRNA transcript translated by the ribosome
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| Stop codon | Image result for stop codonwww.chegg.com
Stop codons are sequences of DNA and RNA that are needed to stop translation or the making of proteins
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| A-site | Binding site for charged tRNA molecules during protein synthesis
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| P-site | The second binding site for tRNA in the ribosome
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| Translocation | A chromosome abnormality caused by rearrangement of parts between nonhomologous chromosomes
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| Ribosome binding site | A sequence of nucleotides upstream of the start codon of an mRNA transcript that is responsible for the recruitment of a ribosome during the initiation of protein translation.
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| f-met-tRNA^met | The aminoacyl-tRNA that initiates bacterial protein synthesis
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| Initiation factor | Proteins that bind to the small subunit of the ribosome during the initiation of translation
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| Elongation factors | A set of proteins that are used in protein synthesis in the process of cell cycle and elongation in some cells
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| Peptidyl transferase activity | The primary enzymatic function of the ribosome, which forms peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids using tRNAs during the translation process
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| Alpha carbon | The first carbon atom that attaches to a functional group
Peptide bond
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| N-terminal amine | The start of a protein or polypeptide referring to the free amine group located at the end of the polypeptide
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| C-terminal carboxyl | The end of an amino acid chain, terminated by a free carboxyl group
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| Peptide | Short chains of amino acid monomers linked by peptide (amide) bonds
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| Side chain | A chemical group that is attached to a core part of the molecule called "main chain" or backbone
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| Posttranslational modification | The covalent and generally enzymatic modification of proteins during or after protein biosynthesis
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| Phosphorylation | A post-translational modification of proteins in which an amino acid residue is phosphorylated by a protein kinase
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| Propeptide | An inactive protein (or peptide) that can be turned into an active form by post-translational modification
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| Motif | Short, recurring patterns in DNA that are presumed to have a biological function
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| Point mutation | A mutation affecting only one or very few nucleotides in a gene sequence.
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| Missense | A missense mutation is a point mutation in which a single nucleotide change results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid
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| Nonsense | A mutation in which a sense codon that corresponds to one of the twenty amino acids specified by the genetic code is changed to a chain-terminating codon.
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| Silent mutation | Mutations in DNA that do not significantly alter the phenotype of the organism in which they occur
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| Frameshift mutation | The deletion or insertion of a base shifts the code and makes it incorrect
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| Chromosomal rearrangement | A mutation involving a long segment of DNA
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| Single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP) | Single nucleotide polymorphisms, are the most common type of genetic variation among people. Each SNP represents a difference in a single DNA building block, called a nucleotide.
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| Genetic Marker | A gene or DNA sequence with a known location on a chromosome that can be used to identify individuals or species
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| Tumour supressor | A tumor suppressor gene, or antioncogene, is a gene that protects a cell from one step on the path to cance
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| Oncogene | A gene that has the potential to cause cancer
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| Gene therapy | The therapeutic delivery of nucleic acid into a patient's cells as a drug to treat disease
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| binding | DNA-binding proteins are proteins composed of DNA-binding domains and have an affinity for either single or double stranded DNA
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