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Gene and the cell
Gene and the cell terminology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Replication | The process of duplicating DNA before cell division |
| Polymerase | An enzyme that synthesizes long chains of nucleic acid by adding nucleotides to the 3' end of the primer |
| Helicase | A protein that uses energy from ATP hydrolysis to unwind DNA |
| Ligase | The enzyme that catalyzes the final phosphodiester linkage between DNA fragments |
| Primase | The enzyme that sythesises the primer DNA one nucleotide at a time |
| Primer | A starter strand of RNA that is complementary to the DNA template |
| Leading Strand | Made by continuous synthesis from a single primer |
| Lagging Strand | Made by synthesis of Okazaki fragments from multiple primers |
| Replication Origin | Where the replication begins. Eukaryotes have many origins of replication |
| Telomere | A repetitive sequence of bases at the end of chromosomes that protects the sequence of bases |
| PCR | Polymerase Chain Reaction is a technique used to amplify segments of DNA by a few orders of magnitude, generating thousands of copies of the sequence |
| Chain Termination | When dideoxynucleotides block DNA synthesis |
| Template | An original strand of DNA to be replicated |
| Reverse Compliment | The contents of the opposing strand of DNA to the one in question |
| Quality Score | A measure of the quality of the identification of the nucleobases generated by DNA sequences |
| Deoxynucleotide | The structure that makes up a strand of DNA when repeated |
| Dideoxynucleotide | Chain-elongating inhibitors of DNA polymerase |
| Base pair | Two nucleobases bound together by hydrogen bonds |
| Central Dogma | "DNA makes RNA makes protein" |
| DNA | A molecule carrying the genetic information of a molecule |
| RNA | A molecule involved in coding, recoding, regulation and expression of genes |
| Promoter | The region of DNA that initiates transcription of a particular gene |
| Transcription start site | The location where transcription starts at the 5' end of a gene sequence |
| Termination Site | A section of the nucleic acid sequence which marks the end of the gene or operon |
| Core RNA polymerase | The subunits of RNA polymerase needed for catalytic activity. It does not have a sigma factor |
| Holo RNA polymerase | Contains the sigma subunit which decreases affinity for non-specific DNA and increases affinity for promoters |
| Sigma Factor | A protein needed only for the initiation of RNA synthesis |
| Promoter Recognition | Transcription factors recognizing and recruiting RNA polymerase and bind it to the promoter |
| Closed complexes | When RNA polymerase binds to promoter DNA (Two Strands) |
| Open Complexes | The combination of one strand of DNA and one strand of RNA polymerase |
| Core Promoter | The minimal DNA sequence which directs accurate initiation of transcription |
| Distal Regulatory elements | Enhancers, inhibitor, silencers and locus control regions located far away from the genes they control |
| General (basal) transcription factors (eg. TFIID, TFIIB) | Transcription factors that bind to promoters to activate transcription from DNA to mRNA |
| Enhancers | Region of DNA that increases the likelihood a particular gene will be transcribed |
| Activators | A protein that binds to an enhancer that increases transcription of a particular gene |
| CTD of Pol II | C-terminal repeat domain is an extension of the C-terminus of an RNA subunit and acts as a binding scaffold for nuclear factors |
| Splice site | The point at which an intron is spiced out of the code |
| Intron | A noncoding sequence of genetic material |
| Exon | A coding section of genetic material |
| Complimentary Strand | DNA synthesized from a single stranded RNA molecule |
| Splicesome | A molecular machine that removes introns from pre-mRNA |
| Gene expression | The process from which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product |
| 5' cap | A specially altered nucleotide on the 5' end of pre-mRNA and helps create stable and mature mRNA that can be translated |
| poly A tail | 100-300 A bases which may be important in export from the nucleus and help stabilize mRNA |
| Operon | Linked genes which regulate other genes responsible for protein synthesis |
| Transcription regulatory protein | Activators and Repressors which decide which genes are transcribed and when |
| Inducer | A compound which induces protein synthesis |
| Regulatory sequence | A segment of nucleic acid sequence capable of increasing or decreasing the expression of specific genes within an organism |
| polycistronic mRNA | An mRNA that codes for several proteins. Common in bacteria and chloroplasts |
| Constitutive | Made at a constant rate |
| Inducible | Needs an inducer to begin synthesis |
| Catabolite Repression | Inhibition of the synthesis of enzymes involved in catabolism of carbon sources other than the preferred one |
| Consensus Sequences | The calculated order of the most frequent residues found at each position of a sequence alignment |
| Structural gene | Genes that encode proteins |
| Regulatory gene | Controls the expression of one or more other genes |
| Sequence specific transcription factor | A protein that binds to specific DNA sequences to control the rate of transcription |
| Enhanceosome | A protein complex created at the enhancer that regulates expression of a target gene |
| DNA binding domain | An independently folded protein domain with a structural motif that recognises DNA |
| Dimerization domain | A specialized domain in a protein that ensures dimerization |
| Activation Domain | A transcription factor scaffold domain that has binding sites for other proteins |
| Cooperativity | When the attachment of a specific molecule increases affinity for other similar molecules |
| Epigenetics | The study of heritable changes in gene function that do not involve changes in the DNA sequence |
| 5'-methylcytosine | The methylated form of cytosine which may be involved in the regulation of transcription |
| DNA methyltransferase | An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group to DNA |
| CpG islands | Regions with a high frequency of CpG sites |
| Chromatin modification | Modifications function either by disrupting chromatin contacts or by affecting the recruitment of nonhistone proteins to chromatin |
| Chromatin remodelling | The dynamic modification of chromatin architecture to allow access of condensed genomic DNA to the regulatory transcription machinery proteins, and thereby control gene expression. |
| Nucleosome | The fundamental subunit of chromatin |
| Histone code | The transcription of Dna is partially regulated by chemical changes in histone proteins |
| Histone acetylase | When lysine residues protruding from the histone core of the nucleosome are acetylated |
| Histone deacetylase | When lysine residues protruding from the histone core of the nucleosome are deacetylated |
| Euchromatin | Lightly packed form of chromatin enriched in genes |
| Heterochromatin | Tightly packed DNA |
| Insulators/boundary elements | An insulator is a genetic boundary element that blocks the interaction between enhancers and promoters |
| Genomic Imprinting | An epigenetic phenomenon that causes genes to be expressed in a parent-of-origin-specific manner |
| Translation | mRNA is decoded to produce amino acids |
| Ribosome | The site of protein synthesis |
| Amino Acid | The triplet codons that code for specific proteins |
| Genetic Code | The genetic code is the set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material is translated into proteins |
| Redundancy | When codons code for more than one amino acid |
| mRNA | Messenger ribonucleic acid. They convey genetic information fro DNA to the ribosome |
| tRNA | Transfer RNA that serves as a link between amino acids and the mRNA |
| rRNA | Ribosomal RNA is the RNA component of the ribosome and is essential for protein synthesis |
| codon | A sequence of DNA or RNA that corresponds to a particular amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis |
| Anticodon | A sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a tRNA molecule corresponding to a complementary mRNA codon |
| Charged (aminoacyl)-tRNA | tRNA to which its cognated amino acid is chemically bonded |
| Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase | An enzyme that attaches the appropriate amino acid onto its tRNA |
| Wobble base | A pairing between two nucleotides in RNA that do not follow standard base pairing rules |
| Peptide bond formation | a chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule. It is a condensation reaction |
| Start codon | The first codon of an mRNA transcript translated by the ribosome |
| Stop codon | Image result for stop codonwww.chegg.com Stop codons are sequences of DNA and RNA that are needed to stop translation or the making of proteins |
| A-site | Binding site for charged tRNA molecules during protein synthesis |
| P-site | The second binding site for tRNA in the ribosome |
| Translocation | A chromosome abnormality caused by rearrangement of parts between nonhomologous chromosomes |
| Ribosome binding site | A sequence of nucleotides upstream of the start codon of an mRNA transcript that is responsible for the recruitment of a ribosome during the initiation of protein translation. |
| f-met-tRNA^met | The aminoacyl-tRNA that initiates bacterial protein synthesis |
| Initiation factor | Proteins that bind to the small subunit of the ribosome during the initiation of translation |
| Elongation factors | A set of proteins that are used in protein synthesis in the process of cell cycle and elongation in some cells |
| Peptidyl transferase activity | The primary enzymatic function of the ribosome, which forms peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids using tRNAs during the translation process |
| Alpha carbon | The first carbon atom that attaches to a functional group Peptide bond |
| N-terminal amine | The start of a protein or polypeptide referring to the free amine group located at the end of the polypeptide |
| C-terminal carboxyl | The end of an amino acid chain, terminated by a free carboxyl group |
| Peptide | Short chains of amino acid monomers linked by peptide (amide) bonds |
| Side chain | A chemical group that is attached to a core part of the molecule called "main chain" or backbone |
| Posttranslational modification | The covalent and generally enzymatic modification of proteins during or after protein biosynthesis |
| Phosphorylation | A post-translational modification of proteins in which an amino acid residue is phosphorylated by a protein kinase |
| Propeptide | An inactive protein (or peptide) that can be turned into an active form by post-translational modification |
| Motif | Short, recurring patterns in DNA that are presumed to have a biological function |
| Point mutation | A mutation affecting only one or very few nucleotides in a gene sequence. |
| Missense | A missense mutation is a point mutation in which a single nucleotide change results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid |
| Nonsense | A mutation in which a sense codon that corresponds to one of the twenty amino acids specified by the genetic code is changed to a chain-terminating codon. |
| Silent mutation | Mutations in DNA that do not significantly alter the phenotype of the organism in which they occur |
| Frameshift mutation | The deletion or insertion of a base shifts the code and makes it incorrect |
| Chromosomal rearrangement | A mutation involving a long segment of DNA |
| Single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP) | Single nucleotide polymorphisms, are the most common type of genetic variation among people. Each SNP represents a difference in a single DNA building block, called a nucleotide. |
| Genetic Marker | A gene or DNA sequence with a known location on a chromosome that can be used to identify individuals or species |
| Tumour supressor | A tumor suppressor gene, or antioncogene, is a gene that protects a cell from one step on the path to cance |
| Oncogene | A gene that has the potential to cause cancer |
| Gene therapy | The therapeutic delivery of nucleic acid into a patient's cells as a drug to treat disease |
| binding | DNA-binding proteins are proteins composed of DNA-binding domains and have an affinity for either single or double stranded DNA |
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