Cell structure and function
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| Cells | -Smallest living unit
-Most are microscopic
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| Who discovered cells? | Robert Hooke
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| When were cells discovered? | Mid-1600
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| When/ who was the term "all living things are made of cells" discovered? | In 1839 by Theodor Schwann & Matthias Schleiden
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| When/ who was the term "all cells come from cells" discovered? | In 1889 by Rudolf Virchow
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| What are some principles of cell theory? | -All living things are made of cells
-Smallest living unit of structure and function of all organisms is the cell
-All cells arise from preexisting cells (this principle discarded the idea of spontaneous generation)
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| Do cells have large surface area-to-volume ratios? | Yes
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| What are the characteristics of all cells? | -A surrounding membrane
-Protoplasm; cell contents in thick fluid
-Organelles; structures for cell function
-control center with DNA
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| What are the two types of cells? | 1. Prokaryotic
2. Eukaryotic
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| Prokaryotic Cells | -First cell type on earth
-Cell type of bacteria and archaea
-No membrane bound necleus
-Nucleoi = region of DNA concentration
-Organelles not bound by membranes
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| Eukaryotic Cells | -Nucleus bond by membrane
-Include fungi, protists, plant, and animal cells
-Possess many organelles
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| Organelles | -Cellular machinery
-Two general kinds; derived from membranes, bacteria-like organelles
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| Bacteria-like organelles | -Derived from symbiotic bacteria
-Ancient association
-Endosymbiotic theory; evolution of modern cells from cells & symbiotic bacteria
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| Plasma membrane | -Contains cell contents
-Double layer of phospholids & proteins
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| Phospholipids | -Polar; hydrophylic head, hydrophobic tail
-Interacts with water
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| Movement across the plasma membrane | -A few molecules move freely; water, carbon dioxide, ammonia, oxygen
-Carrier proteins transport some molecules; proteins embedded in lipid bilayer, fluid mosaic model (describes fluid nature of a lipid bilayer with proteins)
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| Membrane Proteins | 1. Channels or transporters
-move molecules in one direction
2. Receptors
-Recognize certain chemicals
3.Glycoproteins
-identify cell type
4.Enzymes
-catalyze production of substances
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| Cell walls | -Found in plants, fungi, & many protists
-Surrounds plasma membrane
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| What are the two different cell walls? | 1. Plants- mostly cellulose
2. Fungi- contain chitin
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| Cytoplasm | -Viscous fluid containing organelles components of cytoplasm
-Components of cytoplasm; interconnected filaments & fibers, fluid = cytosol, organelles (not nucleus), storage substance
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| Membranous organelles | -Functional components within cytoplasm
-Bound by membranes
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| Nuclear envelope | -Separates nucleus from rest of cell
-Double membrane
-Has pores
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| DNA | -Hereditary material
-Chromosomes; DNA, proteins, form for cell division
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| What do bacteria-like organelles do? | -Release and store energy
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| Types of bacteria-like organelles | -Mitochondria (release energy)
-Chloroplasts (store energy)
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| Chloroplasts | -Derived from photosynthetic bacteria
-Solar energy capturing organelle
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| Photosynthesis | -Takes place in the chloroplast
-Makes cellular food; glucose
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| Molecule movement and cells | -Passive transport
-Active transport
-Endocytosis
-Exocytosis
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| Passive transport | -No energy required
-Move due to gradient; differences in concentration, pressure, charge
-Move to equalize gradient; high moves toward low
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| Types of passive transport | 1. Diffusion
2. Osmosis
3. Facilitated diffusion
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| Diffusion | -Molecules move to equalize concentration
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| Osmosis | -Special form of diffusion
-Fluid flows from lower solute concentration
-Often involves movement of water; into cell, out of cell
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| Solution differences and cells | -Solvent + solute = solution
-Hypotonic; solutes in cell more than outside, outside solvent will flow into cell
-Isotonic; solutes equal inside and out of cell
-Hypertonic; Solutes greater outside cell, fluid will flow out of cell
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| Facilitated diffusion | -Differentially permeable membrane
-Channels help molecule or ions enter or leave the cell
-Channels usually are transport proteins
-No energy is used
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| Process of facilitated transport | -Protein binds with molecule
-Shape of protein changes
-Molecule moves across membrane
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| Active transport | -Molecular movement
-Requires energy
Ex: sodium-potassium pump
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| Endocytosis | -Movement of large material; particles, organisms, large molecules
-Movement is into cells
-Types of endocytosis; bulk-phase and receptor-mediated
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| Process of endocytosis | -Plasma membrane surrounds material
-Edges of membrane meet
-Membranes fuse to form vesicle
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| Forms of endocytosis | 1. Phagocytosis - cell eating
2. Pinocytosis - cell drinking
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| Exocytosis | -Reverse of endocytosis
-Cell discharges material
-Vesicle moves to cell surface
-Membrane of vesicle fuses
-Materials expelled
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