chapter 5 bio terms
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| cell cycle | the life cycle of a cell; in eukaryotic, it consists of a cell growth period in which DNA is synthesized and a cell division period where mitosis takes place.
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| mitosis | in eukaryotic cells, a process of cell division the forms 2 new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes
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| cytokinesis | the division of cytoplasm in a cell; follows the division of a cell's nucleus by mitosis or meiosis
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| chromosome | a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.
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| histone | any of a group of basic proteins found in chromatin.
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| chromatin | the material of which the chromosomes of organisms other than bacteria (i.e., eukaryotes) are composed. It consists of protein, RNA, and DNA.
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| chromotid | one of two strands that come visible during mitosis or meiosis
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| centromere | the region of a chromosome to which the microtubules of the spindle attach, via the kinetochore, during cell division.
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| telomere | compound structure at the end of a chromosome.
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| prophase | the first phase of mitosis, when chromatin condenses, the nuclear envelope breaks down, the nucleolus disappears, and the chromosomes and centrioles migrate to the other side of the cell
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| metaphase | second phase of mitosis, where spindle fibers align the chromosomes along the cell equator
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| anaphase | third phase of mitosis during which chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite sides of the cells
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| telophase | last phase of mitosis where a complete set of identical chromosomes are positioned at each pole of the cell, the nuclear membrane starts to form, the chromosomes begin to uncoil, and the spindle fibers dissassemble
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| growth factor | broad group of proteins the stimulate cell division
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| apoptosis | programmed cell death
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| cancer | a type of disorder of cell growth the results in invasion and destruction of surrounding healthy tissue by abnormal cells
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| benign | having no dangerous effect, especially referring to abnormal growth of cells that aren't cancerous.
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| malignant | cancerous tumor in which cells break away and spread to other parts of the body harming the organism's health
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| metastasize | to spread by transferring a disease-causing agent from the sight of the disease to other parts of the body
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| carcinogen | carcinogen substance that produces of promotes the development of cancer
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| asexual reproduction | reproduction that does not involve the union of gametes and in which a single parent produces offspring that is genetically identical to the parent
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| binary fission | a form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into 2 cells of the same size
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| tissue | a group of similar cells that perform a similar function
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| organ | a collection of tissues that carry out a specific function
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| organ system | 2 or more organs that function together in a certain way to carry out the same or similar functions
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| cell differentiation | A process by which a cell becomes specialized fora specific structure or function during mulitcellular development
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| stem cell | a cell that can divide for long periods of time while remaining undifferentiated
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