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chapter 5 bio terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| cell cycle | the life cycle of a cell; in eukaryotic, it consists of a cell growth period in which DNA is synthesized and a cell division period where mitosis takes place. |
| mitosis | in eukaryotic cells, a process of cell division the forms 2 new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes |
| cytokinesis | the division of cytoplasm in a cell; follows the division of a cell's nucleus by mitosis or meiosis |
| chromosome | a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes. |
| histone | any of a group of basic proteins found in chromatin. |
| chromatin | the material of which the chromosomes of organisms other than bacteria (i.e., eukaryotes) are composed. It consists of protein, RNA, and DNA. |
| chromotid | one of two strands that come visible during mitosis or meiosis |
| centromere | the region of a chromosome to which the microtubules of the spindle attach, via the kinetochore, during cell division. |
| telomere | compound structure at the end of a chromosome. |
| prophase | the first phase of mitosis, when chromatin condenses, the nuclear envelope breaks down, the nucleolus disappears, and the chromosomes and centrioles migrate to the other side of the cell |
| metaphase | second phase of mitosis, where spindle fibers align the chromosomes along the cell equator |
| anaphase | third phase of mitosis during which chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite sides of the cells |
| telophase | last phase of mitosis where a complete set of identical chromosomes are positioned at each pole of the cell, the nuclear membrane starts to form, the chromosomes begin to uncoil, and the spindle fibers dissassemble |
| growth factor | broad group of proteins the stimulate cell division |
| apoptosis | programmed cell death |
| cancer | a type of disorder of cell growth the results in invasion and destruction of surrounding healthy tissue by abnormal cells |
| benign | having no dangerous effect, especially referring to abnormal growth of cells that aren't cancerous. |
| malignant | cancerous tumor in which cells break away and spread to other parts of the body harming the organism's health |
| metastasize | to spread by transferring a disease-causing agent from the sight of the disease to other parts of the body |
| carcinogen | carcinogen substance that produces of promotes the development of cancer |
| asexual reproduction | reproduction that does not involve the union of gametes and in which a single parent produces offspring that is genetically identical to the parent |
| binary fission | a form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into 2 cells of the same size |
| tissue | a group of similar cells that perform a similar function |
| organ | a collection of tissues that carry out a specific function |
| organ system | 2 or more organs that function together in a certain way to carry out the same or similar functions |
| cell differentiation | A process by which a cell becomes specialized fora specific structure or function during mulitcellular development |
| stem cell | a cell that can divide for long periods of time while remaining undifferentiated |
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megan_boehl1