Exam 2 Review
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| what is pasteurization and what are the degrees/times? (ch. 7) | reduces the number of spoilage bacteria in milk/ 72 degrees Celsius for 15 seconds/ 63 degrees celsius for 30 min
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| what are the 3 mechanisms used for adherence? (ch. 15) | -Glycocalyx
-Fimbriae
-M proteins
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| what is the outcome of the lysogenic cycle? | phage DNA is incorporated into the host DNA and the virus remains latent
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| what is a latent disease/ give an example (ch. 15) | periods where patient has no symptoms/ herpes virus (chicken pox/ shingles)
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| what is the hepa filter and when is it used? (ch. 7) | air filtration used for heat sensitive things
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| what is a secondary infection/ give example (ch. 15) | infection that occurs after a primary infection/ pneumonia
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| what is an autoclave/ explain the process | sterilizer of bacteria and endospores/ 121 degrees celsius/ 15 psi/ 15 minutes
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| what is an endemic disease and give an example (ch. 14) | disease constantly present in a population/ common cold or flu
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| what are some examples of a virus that causes cancer? (ch. 13) | HPV causes cervical cancer; hepatitis B can cause liver cancer
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| name the 5 portals of entry/ 2 infections that go through each? (ch 15) | -skin:
-respiratory tract: common cold, pneumonia
-gastrointestinal tract: typhoid fever, cholera
-genitourinary tract:HIV infection, genital warts
-parenteral route: HIV, hepatitis viruses
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| what chemicals are the gold standard? (ch. 7) | phenols
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| what is chlorohexidine used for? | preoperative/ skin degermining
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| what are 2 examples of surface active agents? | mouth wash, soap
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| what effect does botulinum have on its host? | prevents muscles from contracting (paralysis) prevents wrinkles in skin, botox
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| what is the additional step of the lytic cycle when a virus infects an animal cell? | uncoding
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| what are 2 differences between normal and transient biota? | normal: always present, good/ don't cause disease
transient: short period of time/ cause disease
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| aldehydes are what? (2 things) | sterilants/ inactivate proteins
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| what does LD (50) mean? | amount of toxin required to kill half the population (lethal dose); the lower the number, the more toxic
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| what factors affect the effectiveness of treatment? | -time of exposure
-number of microbes
-environment
-microbial characteristics
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| what is the definition of etiology? | the cause of a disease
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| T/F: a virus always contain DNA? | false; a virus always contain either DNA or RNA but never both
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| what is the most common portal of entry? | respiratory tract (easiest/ most effective)
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| what is the definition of antisepsis? | removing pathogens from living tissue (cleaning a wound)
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| what is an example of a food preservative? | benzoic acid
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