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Microbiology
Exam 2 Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is pasteurization and what are the degrees/times? (ch. 7) | reduces the number of spoilage bacteria in milk/ 72 degrees Celsius for 15 seconds/ 63 degrees celsius for 30 min |
| what are the 3 mechanisms used for adherence? (ch. 15) | -Glycocalyx -Fimbriae -M proteins |
| what is the outcome of the lysogenic cycle? | phage DNA is incorporated into the host DNA and the virus remains latent |
| what is a latent disease/ give an example (ch. 15) | periods where patient has no symptoms/ herpes virus (chicken pox/ shingles) |
| what is the hepa filter and when is it used? (ch. 7) | air filtration used for heat sensitive things |
| what is a secondary infection/ give example (ch. 15) | infection that occurs after a primary infection/ pneumonia |
| what is an autoclave/ explain the process | sterilizer of bacteria and endospores/ 121 degrees celsius/ 15 psi/ 15 minutes |
| what is an endemic disease and give an example (ch. 14) | disease constantly present in a population/ common cold or flu |
| what are some examples of a virus that causes cancer? (ch. 13) | HPV causes cervical cancer; hepatitis B can cause liver cancer |
| name the 5 portals of entry/ 2 infections that go through each? (ch 15) | -skin: -respiratory tract: common cold, pneumonia -gastrointestinal tract: typhoid fever, cholera -genitourinary tract:HIV infection, genital warts -parenteral route: HIV, hepatitis viruses |
| what chemicals are the gold standard? (ch. 7) | phenols |
| what is chlorohexidine used for? | preoperative/ skin degermining |
| what are 2 examples of surface active agents? | mouth wash, soap |
| what effect does botulinum have on its host? | prevents muscles from contracting (paralysis) prevents wrinkles in skin, botox |
| what is the additional step of the lytic cycle when a virus infects an animal cell? | uncoding |
| what are 2 differences between normal and transient biota? | normal: always present, good/ don't cause disease transient: short period of time/ cause disease |
| aldehydes are what? (2 things) | sterilants/ inactivate proteins |
| what does LD (50) mean? | amount of toxin required to kill half the population (lethal dose); the lower the number, the more toxic |
| what factors affect the effectiveness of treatment? | -time of exposure -number of microbes -environment -microbial characteristics |
| what is the definition of etiology? | the cause of a disease |
| T/F: a virus always contain DNA? | false; a virus always contain either DNA or RNA but never both |
| what is the most common portal of entry? | respiratory tract (easiest/ most effective) |
| what is the definition of antisepsis? | removing pathogens from living tissue (cleaning a wound) |
| what is an example of a food preservative? | benzoic acid |
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yulissalira
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