Ch.6 Muscle System
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Muscle Cells | Muscle Fibers
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Contractility | The ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force.
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Excitability | The ability to be stretched.
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Elasticity | The Ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched.
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Epimysium | The fibrous tissue envelope that surrounds skeletal muscle.
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Fascia | A connective tissue located outside the epimysium.
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Perimysium | Loose connective tissue.
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Endomysium | Connective Tissue Sheath.
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Myofibrils | A threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to another.
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Actin Myofilaments | Thin myofilaments that resemble 2 minute strands of pearls twisted together.
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Myosin Myofilaments | Thick myofilaments that resemble bundles of minute golf clubs.
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Sarcomeres | Highly ordered units formed by actin and myosin, which are joined end to end to form myofibril.
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Resting membrane Potential | The charge difference across the membrane.
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Action Potential | The brief reversal back of charge.
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Motor Neurons | Nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers.
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Neuromuscular Junction | A chemical synapse formed by the contact between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber.
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Synapse | A structure that permits a neuron (or nerve cell) to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron.
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Motor Unit | A single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscles fibers it innervates.
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Presynaptic Terminal | The enlarged nerve terminal.
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Synaptic Cleft | The space between neurons at a nerve synapse across which a nerve impulse is transmitted by a neurotransmitter.
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Postsynaptic Terminal | The receiving part of the connection between two neurons.
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Synaptic Vesicles | Store various neurotransmitters that are released at the synapse.
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Acetylcholine | A neurotransmitter.
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Acetylcholinesterase | The enzymes that break down acetylcholine.
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Sliding Filament Mechanism | The sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction.
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Muscle Twitch | A contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers.
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Threshold | Membrane value.
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All-Or-None Response | The principle that the strength by which a nerve or muscle fiber responds to a stimulus is independent of the strength of the stimulus.
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Lag Phase | The period when the bacteria are adjusting to the environment.
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Contraction Phase | The muscle generates tension.
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Relaxation Phase | The muscle rests.
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Tetany | A condition marked by intermittent muscular spasms, caused by malfunction of the parathyroid glands and a consequent deficiency of calcium.
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Recruitment | The activation of additional motor units to accomplish an increase in contractile strength in a muscle.
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Creatine Phosphate | Phosphorylated creatine molecule that serves as a rapidly mobilizable reserve of high-energy phosphates in skeletal muscle and the brain to recycle adenosine tri phosphate; which is the energy currency of the cell.
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Anaerobic Respiration | The process of producing cellular energy without oxygen.
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Aerobic Respiration | The process of producing cellular energy involving oxygen.
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Oxygen Debt | The amount of oxygen needed to oxidise lactic acid to carbon dioxide and water.
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Muscle fatigue | When ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the muscle cells.
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Isometric | The length of the muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases during the contraction phase.
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Isotonic | The amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during contraction, but the length of the muscle changes.
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Muscle Tone | Constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time.
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Fast-Twitch Fibers | Contract quickly and fatigue quickly.
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Slow-Twitch Fibers | Contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue.
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Origin | Head. The most stationary end of the muscle
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Insertion | The end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement.
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Belly | The portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion.
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Synergists | Muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements.
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Antagonists | Muscles that work in opposition to one another.
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Prime Mover | Among a group of synergists, if one muscle plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement, it is the prime mover.
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Cytoplasm | The material within a cell, excluding the nucleus.
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Z Line | A dark thin protein band to which actin filaments are attached in a striated muscle fiber, marking the boundaries between adjacent sarcomeres.
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A Band | One of the cross striations in striated muscle that contain myosin filaments and appear dark under the light microscope and light in polarized light.
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M Line | In the center of the sarcomere.
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Axons | The long threadlike part of a nerve cell along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells.
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Action Potential | An action potential occurs when the membrane potential of a specific axon location rapidly rises and falls: this depolarisation then causes adjacent locations to similarly depolarise
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Receptor | A protein molecule that receives chemical signals from outside a cell.
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Stimulus | A thing or event that evokes a specific functional reaction.
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H Band | Contains only thick myosin filaments.
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I Band | A light band on each side of the Z line.
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Periods of Inactivity | When muscles aren't active.
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General Principles | What happens in the muscles.
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Attachment | Something attached.
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Nomenclature | The naming of things.
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Cytoplasm | What is inside the cell.
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Structure | What makes up things.
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Membrane Potential | It's potential at rest.
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Nerve Supply | The amount of nerves.
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Synaptic Vehicles | Store various neurotransmitters that are released at the synapse.
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Occipitofrontalis | Raises the eyebrows.
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Orbicularis Oculi | Closes the eyelids and causes "crow's feet" wrinkles in the skin at the lateral corners of the eye.
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Muscle Contraction | The muscles reactions.
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Obicularis Oris | Puckers the lips.
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Buccinator | Flattens the cheek's/ Trumpeter's muscle.
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Zygomaticus | Smiling muscle.
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Levator Labii Superioris | Sneering.
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Depressor Anguli Oris | Frowning.
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