Ch. 6 Muscles
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| Contractility | shorten with force
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| Excitability | respond to a stimulus
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| Extensibility | ability to be stretched
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| Elasticity | ability to recoil
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| Epimysium | connective tissue sheath that surrounds skeletal muscle
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| Faschia | connective tissue located outside the epimysium that surrounds and separates muscles
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| Fasciculi (fascicle) | numerous visible bundles that make up a muscle
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| Perimysium | loose connective tissue that surrounds fasciculi
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| Muscle cells | Muscle Fibers
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| Endomysium | connective tissue sheath that surrounds fibers
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| Myofibrils | threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other
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| Actin Myofilaments | thin myofilaments (resemble strands of pearls)
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| Myosin Myofilaments | thick myofilaments (resemble bundles of golf clubs)
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| Sacromeres | unit of measurement from one z line to the next z line
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| Z Line | attachment site for actin
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| I Band | consists of actin
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| A Band | extends the length of the myosin
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| H Zone | center of each sarcomere, consists of only myosin
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| M Line | dark staining band
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| Resting Membrane Potential | The charge difference across the membrane
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| Action Potential | The brief reversal back of the charge when a muscle cell is stimulated the membrane characteristics change briefly
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| Motor Neurons | nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers
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| Neuromuscular Junctions (synapse) | Each branch that connects to the muscle
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| Motor Unit | A single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates
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| Presynaptic Terminal | The enlarged nerve terminal
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| Ssynaptic Cleft | The space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell
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| Postsynaptic Terminal | the muscle fiber
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| Synaptic Vesicles | Contained be each presynaptic terminal and secrete a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine
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| Acetylcholine | a neurotransmitter.. It diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to the postsynaptic terminal causing a change in the postsynaptic cell.
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| Acetylcholinesterase | Enzyme that breaks down acetylchlorine
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| Sliding Filament Mechanism | The sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction
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| Threshold | a level at which point the muscle fiber will contract maximally
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| All-Or-None Response | When a stimuli reaches the threshold
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| Lag Phase | The time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction
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| Contraction Phase | time of contraction
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| Relaxation Phase | time during which the muscle relaxes
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| Tetany | where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing
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| Muscle Twitch | a contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus
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| Recruitment | increase in number of motor units being activated
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| ATP | Adenosine triphosphate
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| ADP | Adenosine diphosphate
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| Creatine Phosphate | High-Energy Molecule
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| Anaerobic respiration | Without oxygen
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| Aerobic respiration | With oxygen
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| Oxygen debt | the amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose and to replenish the depleted stores of creatine phosphate stores in muscle cells
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| Muscle fatigue | when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced
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| isometric | equal distance, tension increases
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| isotonic | equal tension, length changes
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| Muscle tone | constant tension produced by muscles
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| Fast-twitch fibers | contract quickly and fatigue quickly
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| Slow-twitch fibers | contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue
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| Origin (head) | most stationary end of the muscle
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| Insertion | end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement
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| Belly | portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion
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| Synergists | Muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements
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| Antagonists | muscles that work in opposition to one another
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| Prime mover | muscle that plays the major role in movement
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| Occipitofrontalis | raises the eyebrows
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| Orbicularis oculi | closes the eyelids
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| Orbicularis oris | puckers the lips
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| Buccinator | Trumpeter’s muscle. Flattens the cheeks
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| Orbicularis oris and buccinator | kissing muscles
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| Zygomaticus | smiling muscle
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| Levator labii superioris | sneering
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| Depressor anguli oris | frowning
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| Mastication | chewing
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| 4 pairs of mastication muscles | 2 pair of pterygoids, temporalis, and masseter
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| Intrinsic Tongue Muscles | change the shape of the tongue
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| Extrinsic Tongue Muscles | move the tongue
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| Sternocleidomastoid | neck muscle
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| Erector spinae | Trunk muscle. Keeps back straight
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| Thoracic Muscles | External intercostals, internal intercostals, diaphragm
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| Diaphragm | accomplishes quiet breathing
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| External intercostals | Elevate the ribs during inspiration
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| Internal intercostals | contract during forced expiration
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| linea alba | abdominal muscle that consists of white connective tissue rather than muscle
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| rectus abdominis | on each side of the linea alba
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| Tendinous inscriptions | crosses the rectus abdominis
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| Trapezius | rotates scapula
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| Serratus anterior | pulls scapula anteriorly
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| Pectoralis major | adducts and flexes the arm
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| Latissimus dorsi | medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arm. “Swimmer muscles”
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| Deltoid | attaches the humerus to the scapula and clavicle, and is the major abductor of the upper limb
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| Triceps brachii | extends forearm
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| Biceps brachii | flexes the forearm
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| Brachialis | flexes forearm
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| Brachioradialis | Flexes and supinates the forearm
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| Retinaculum (bracelet) | strong band of fibrous connective tissue that covers the flexor and extensor tendons and holds them in place around the wrist so that they do not “bowstring” during muscle contraction
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| Flexor carpi | Flexes the wrist
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| Extensor carpi | Extends the wrist
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| Flexor digitorum | Flexes the fingers
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| Extensor digitorum | Extends the fingers
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| intrinsic hand muscles | 19 hand muscles
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| Interossi muscles | responsible for abduction and adduction of the fingers
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| Gluteus maximus | buttocks
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| Gluteus medius | Hip muscle
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| Quadriceps femoris | extends the leg; anterior thigh muscles
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| Sartorius | “tailors muscle”; flexes the thigh
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| Hamstring muscles | posterior thigh muscles; flexes the leg and extends the thigh
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| Gastrocnemius and soleus | form the calf muscle. They join to form the calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon)
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| peroneus muscles | lateral muscles of the leg
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| intrinsic foot muscles | 20 bones in the foot that flex extend, abduct, and adduct the toes
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