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Ch. 6 Muscles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Contractility | shorten with force |
| Excitability | respond to a stimulus |
| Extensibility | ability to be stretched |
| Elasticity | ability to recoil |
| Epimysium | connective tissue sheath that surrounds skeletal muscle |
| Faschia | connective tissue located outside the epimysium that surrounds and separates muscles |
| Fasciculi (fascicle) | numerous visible bundles that make up a muscle |
| Perimysium | loose connective tissue that surrounds fasciculi |
| Muscle cells | Muscle Fibers |
| Endomysium | connective tissue sheath that surrounds fibers |
| Myofibrils | threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other |
| Actin Myofilaments | thin myofilaments (resemble strands of pearls) |
| Myosin Myofilaments | thick myofilaments (resemble bundles of golf clubs) |
| Sacromeres | unit of measurement from one z line to the next z line |
| Z Line | attachment site for actin |
| I Band | consists of actin |
| A Band | extends the length of the myosin |
| H Zone | center of each sarcomere, consists of only myosin |
| M Line | dark staining band |
| Resting Membrane Potential | The charge difference across the membrane |
| Action Potential | The brief reversal back of the charge when a muscle cell is stimulated the membrane characteristics change briefly |
| Motor Neurons | nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers |
| Neuromuscular Junctions (synapse) | Each branch that connects to the muscle |
| Motor Unit | A single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates |
| Presynaptic Terminal | The enlarged nerve terminal |
| Ssynaptic Cleft | The space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell |
| Postsynaptic Terminal | the muscle fiber |
| Synaptic Vesicles | Contained be each presynaptic terminal and secrete a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine |
| Acetylcholine | a neurotransmitter.. It diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to the postsynaptic terminal causing a change in the postsynaptic cell. |
| Acetylcholinesterase | Enzyme that breaks down acetylchlorine |
| Sliding Filament Mechanism | The sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction |
| Threshold | a level at which point the muscle fiber will contract maximally |
| All-Or-None Response | When a stimuli reaches the threshold |
| Lag Phase | The time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction |
| Contraction Phase | time of contraction |
| Relaxation Phase | time during which the muscle relaxes |
| Tetany | where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing |
| Muscle Twitch | a contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus |
| Recruitment | increase in number of motor units being activated |
| ATP | Adenosine triphosphate |
| ADP | Adenosine diphosphate |
| Creatine Phosphate | High-Energy Molecule |
| Anaerobic respiration | Without oxygen |
| Aerobic respiration | With oxygen |
| Oxygen debt | the amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose and to replenish the depleted stores of creatine phosphate stores in muscle cells |
| Muscle fatigue | when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced |
| isometric | equal distance, tension increases |
| isotonic | equal tension, length changes |
| Muscle tone | constant tension produced by muscles |
| Fast-twitch fibers | contract quickly and fatigue quickly |
| Slow-twitch fibers | contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue |
| Origin (head) | most stationary end of the muscle |
| Insertion | end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement |
| Belly | portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion |
| Synergists | Muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements |
| Antagonists | muscles that work in opposition to one another |
| Prime mover | muscle that plays the major role in movement |
| Occipitofrontalis | raises the eyebrows |
| Orbicularis oculi | closes the eyelids |
| Orbicularis oris | puckers the lips |
| Buccinator | Trumpeter’s muscle. Flattens the cheeks |
| Orbicularis oris and buccinator | kissing muscles |
| Zygomaticus | smiling muscle |
| Levator labii superioris | sneering |
| Depressor anguli oris | frowning |
| Mastication | chewing |
| 4 pairs of mastication muscles | 2 pair of pterygoids, temporalis, and masseter |
| Intrinsic Tongue Muscles | change the shape of the tongue |
| Extrinsic Tongue Muscles | move the tongue |
| Sternocleidomastoid | neck muscle |
| Erector spinae | Trunk muscle. Keeps back straight |
| Thoracic Muscles | External intercostals, internal intercostals, diaphragm |
| Diaphragm | accomplishes quiet breathing |
| External intercostals | Elevate the ribs during inspiration |
| Internal intercostals | contract during forced expiration |
| linea alba | abdominal muscle that consists of white connective tissue rather than muscle |
| rectus abdominis | on each side of the linea alba |
| Tendinous inscriptions | crosses the rectus abdominis |
| Trapezius | rotates scapula |
| Serratus anterior | pulls scapula anteriorly |
| Pectoralis major | adducts and flexes the arm |
| Latissimus dorsi | medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arm. “Swimmer muscles” |
| Deltoid | attaches the humerus to the scapula and clavicle, and is the major abductor of the upper limb |
| Triceps brachii | extends forearm |
| Biceps brachii | flexes the forearm |
| Brachialis | flexes forearm |
| Brachioradialis | Flexes and supinates the forearm |
| Retinaculum (bracelet) | strong band of fibrous connective tissue that covers the flexor and extensor tendons and holds them in place around the wrist so that they do not “bowstring” during muscle contraction |
| Flexor carpi | Flexes the wrist |
| Extensor carpi | Extends the wrist |
| Flexor digitorum | Flexes the fingers |
| Extensor digitorum | Extends the fingers |
| intrinsic hand muscles | 19 hand muscles |
| Interossi muscles | responsible for abduction and adduction of the fingers |
| Gluteus maximus | buttocks |
| Gluteus medius | Hip muscle |
| Quadriceps femoris | extends the leg; anterior thigh muscles |
| Sartorius | “tailors muscle”; flexes the thigh |
| Hamstring muscles | posterior thigh muscles; flexes the leg and extends the thigh |
| Gastrocnemius and soleus | form the calf muscle. They join to form the calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon) |
| peroneus muscles | lateral muscles of the leg |
| intrinsic foot muscles | 20 bones in the foot that flex extend, abduct, and adduct the toes |
Created by:
kimmie3711
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