Chapter 6 Muscles
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| Muscle Cells | Muscle fibers
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| 3 types of muscle | Skeletal, cardiac, smooth
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| contractility | shorten with force
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| excitability | respond to stimulus
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| extensibility | ability to be stretched
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| elasticity | ability to recoil to original length
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| superficial layer of connective tissue | fascia
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| layer of connective tissues attached to the muscle | epimysium
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| visible bundles that make up muscles | fascicle
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| surrounds the fascicle | perimysium
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| single muscle cells in the fascicle | fibers
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| fibers are surrounded by the | endomysium
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| the cytoplasm of muscle fibers is made up of | myofibrils
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| myofibrils | a thread like structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other
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| 2 types of myofibrils | actin and myosin microfilaments
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| Myofilaments form highly ordered units called | sarcomeres
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| sarcomeres extend from one attachment to the other. These are called | z lines
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| on each side of the z band is a light area called | i bands
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| what band stretches the lengths of the sarcomere | a band
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| light area in the middle of the sarcomere; only consists of myosin | h zone
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| dark staining band in the center of the sarcomere | m line
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| reversal of the muscles charge | action potential
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| motor neuron | nerve cells that carry action potentials
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| enlarged nerve terminal | presynaptic terminal
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| space between the presynaptic terminal and muscle cell is | synaptic cleft
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| the muscle fiber | postsynaptic terminal
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| causes the muscle to contract | acetylcholine
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| causes the muscle to relax | acetylcholinesterate
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| muscle twitch | contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus
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| The time between the stimulus and the contraction | Lag phase
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| The time of contraction | Contraction phase
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| The time during relaxation | Relaxation phase
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| When the muscle remains contracted without relaxation | Tetany
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| Energy for muscle | ATP
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| Where is ATP produced? | Mitochondria
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| ATP cannot stockpile. What does it synthesize when it is not used? | Creatine phosphate
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| Aerobic | With oxygen
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| Anaerobic | Without oxygen
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| Results when ATP is used faster than it can be produced | Muscle fatigue
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| The length of the muscle does not change, but tension does | Isometric
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| The amount of tension does not change, but the length of the muscle does | Isotonic
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| Constant tension produced for a long period of time | Muscle tone
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| Contracts and fatigues quickly | Fast twitch fibers
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| Contracts and fatigues slowly | Slow twitch fibers
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| Points of attachment on a muscle | Origin and insertion
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| Muscle that work together to perform functions | Synergists
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| Muscles that work in opposition to each other | Antagonists
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| Prime mover | Muscle that plays a major role
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| Ofcipitofrontalis | Raises the eyebrows
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| Orbicularis oculi | Closes the eyes
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| Orbicularis oris | Puckers the lips
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| Buccinator | Flattens the cheeks
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| Zygomaticus | Smiling muscle
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| Levator labii superioris | Sneering
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| Depressor anguli oris | Frowning
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| Mastication | Chewing
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| 4 pairs of mastication muscles | 2 pairs of pterygoids, temporalis, masseter
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| Intrinsic tongue muscles | Changes the shape of the tongue
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| Extrinsic tongue muscles | Moves the tongue
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| Neck muscle | Sternocleidomastoid
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| Muscle on the back | Erector spinae
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| External intercostals | Elevates the ribs during inspiration
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| Internal intercostals | Contracts during forced expiration
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| Diaphragm | Accomplishes quiet breathing
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| Trapezius | Rotates the scapula
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| Serratus anterior | Pulls scapula anteriorly
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| Pectoralis major | Flexes and adducts the arm
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| Triceps brachii | Extends the forearm
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| Biceps brachii | Flexes the forearm
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| Gluteus Maximus | Buttocks
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| Gluteus medius | Hip muscle and common injection site
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| Quadriceps femoris | Extends the leg
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| Sartorius | Flexes the thigh
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| Hamstring | Posterior thigh muscles
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| Gastrocnemius and soleus | Forms the calf
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