Biology Exam 4
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| main function is protection; involved with secretions; lines all tubes internally | Epithelial tissue
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| what are the three main types of epithelial tissues | squamous, cuboidal, columnar
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| normal in the trachea | stratified epithelium
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| cancer in most other places | pseudostratifield epithelium
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| connective cells always secrete what | a matrix around them
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| matrix can be what | solid (bone) or liquid (blood)
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| which is further subdivided into loose and dense | connective tissue proper
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| consists of cells scattered in an amorphous matrix of protein | loose connective tissue
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| loose connective tissue includes what | collagen, elastin, adipose (fat) cells
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| consists of tightly packed collagen fibers that resemble the strands of a rope | dense connective tissue
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| dense connective tissue includes what | tendons and ligaments
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| tendons do what | bind muscle to bone
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| holds bone to bone | ligaments
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| what are the types of vertebrate muscles | skeletal, visceral, cardiac
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| voluntary striated muscle | skeletal
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| each fiber is multi nucleated and shows alternating light-dark bands and zones | Skeletal
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| involuntary smooth muscle | visceral
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| spindle shaped cells with a single nucleus per muscle fiber | visceral
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| involuntary striated muscle of heart | cardiac
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| cells are bigurcated and show intercalated discs which involve numerous gap junctions | cardiac
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| nerve cells for transmitting impulses which are | neurons
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| supporting cells | neuroglia
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| neurons with dendrite extensions to what | pull impulses in to the cell body
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| neurons with axon extensions to what | carry impulses from the cell body to the next neuron
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| maintaining a relatively stable internal envirnment | homeostasis
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| of the vertebrate brain acts as the integrating center to monitor changes in homeostasis of body by using sensory and nerve cells | hypothalamus
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| to maintain homeostasis is through what | feedback loop
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| which respond to stimulus from the environment in the opposite (reverse) direction as antagonistic effectors | negative feedback
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| what happens when negative feed back restustains homeostasis | it shuts down
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| which drive the normal value of the controlled variable even further away from the normal range these are not involved with maintaining homeostasis | postive feedback
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| externally heated | ectothermic
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| internally heated | endothermic
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| variable temperature | poikilothermic
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| uniform temperature | homeothermic
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| use of countercurrent exchange system in whale flippers etc to minimize heat loss to the environment | regulation of heat loss in cold environment
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| normally performed in mammals by perspiration "sweating" some mammals only have sweat glands only confined to certain parts of their bodies and must cool themselves by panting (dogs) or keeping their bodies moist | regulation of heat loss in hot environment
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| control of body temperature in vertebrates involves what part of the brain | hypothalamus
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| tp prepare for flight | thermogenesis
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| what are the functions of the mouth | maceration, lubrication, chemical breakdown
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| function of pharynx | movement
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| function of stomach | mechanical chemical breakdown liquefaction
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| function of small intestine | completion of digestion in first 25 cm remainder is involved in absorption
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| function of large intestine | reabsorption of water, minerals, vitamins,houses bacteria, lubricates undigested food mass
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| function of the rectum | storage of undigested foods
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| function of anus | elimination
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| type of gas exchange - diffusion | unicellular organisms
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| type of gas change- cutaneous breathing | earthworms, slugs, adult amphibians
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| type of gas exchange- invagination (papullae) | part of the water vascular system of echinoderms
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| type of gas exchange- invagination (respiratory tree) | echinoderm sea cucumbers
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| type of gas exchange- chitinous tracheal tubes and spiracles | tracheal gills of insect larvae (mosquitoes)
book lung with spiracles found in arachnids
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| types of gas exchange- evaginations | gills - fish
countercurrent exchange system
operculum of bony fish
how most bony fish respire
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| type of gas exchange- invaginations (lungs) | terrestrial vertebrates
related to bony fish swim bladder
positive pressure breathing - gulps air
negative pressure breathing- birds
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| states that the diffusion rate (R) of gases across a membrane depends on surface area (A) concentration of gases such as oxygen , etc differences and distance | Fick's Law of Diffusion
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| what are the three basic needs of the respiratory system | 1) must be of adequate dimensions 2) transportation (circulatory) system to allow more internal cells to undergo for gas exchange 3) means of protecting fragile respiratory system from damage 4) means of keeping the surface moist without severe water loss
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| what is the respiratory pigment found in erythrocytes | hemoglobin
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| have no nucleus when mature so carry more O2 | erythrocytes
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| are produced in the bone marrow and live for about 45 days | erythrocytes
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| are immature erythrocytes released too early from bone marrow which causes anemia | mononucleosis
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| what is the hemoglobin structure | iron (Fe) molecule in center
conjugated double bond system around Fe center
four polypeptide chains
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| combines with oxygen in the lungs to from oxyhemoglobin | deoxyhemoglobin
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| oxyhemoglobin | dissociates to release its oxygen in the capillaries
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| the amount of O2 carried by hemoglobin is affected by what | pH
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| poisonous carbon monoxide will also bind to hemoglobin and cause death called what | carbon monoxide
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| hemoglobin can also be used to transport small amounts of CO2 which does what | blood vessels relax
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| contains four polypeptide chains but contains a copper in molecule in center hence their blood is not red its a blue green color | hemocyanin
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| what are the three major functions of human circulatory system | transportation, regulation, protection
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| a. respiration - hemoglobin in erythrocytes b. nutritive c. excretory | transportation
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| a. hormone transport b. temperature regulation | regulation
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| a. blood clotting - use of platelets b. immune response - leukocytes | protection
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| what is blood made up of | 60% plasma + 40% cells about 6 liters of blood in the human body
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| what is plasma made of | 60% of blood 90% water/ various substitutes 10% plasma proteins
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| dissolved plasma solutes- Metabolites | sugars, amino acids, vitamins
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| dissolved plasma solutes- ions | salt ions, bicarbonate ion, calcium, magnesium, zinc, etc
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| plasma proteins - albumins | for hyper hyperosmosis
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| plasma proteins - globulins | immunoglobulins = antibodies for defense made by leukocytes
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| plasma proteins - fibrinogen | forms clots, serum= plasma minus fibrinogen
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| red blood cells with red respiratory pigment hemoglobin, produced in bone marrow, life span about 120 days , main function is to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide | erythrocytes
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| white blood cells, six major types, involved with eating invading pathogens, immune/ inflammatory | leukocytes
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| made from pinched off pieces of specific bone marrow cells called megakayocytes | platelets
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| initiated by torn tissue releasing histamines | blood clotting
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| platelets add histamines to increase swelling | blood clotting
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| leukocytes are attracted to histamines | blood clotting
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| leukocytes squeeze out of capillaries to fight off invaders | blood clotting
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| pus= dead leukocytes | blood clotting
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| continuous with fourteen recognized steps leading to major reaction | blood clotting
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| hemophilia bleeder's disease clot will not form | blood clotting
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| used for both feeding and circulation | gastrovascular cavity
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| anthropoids | open circulatory system
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| annelid worms | closed circulatory system
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| volume of blood pumped by each wnetricle per minute | cardiac output
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| volume of blood moved in systemic or pulmonary circulations per minute | cardiac output
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| about 5 to 6 Liters of blood resting in a person | cardiac output
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| increased blood flow decrease transmural blood pressure | vasodilation
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| decrease blood flow, increases transmural blood pressure | vasodilation
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| in aortic arch of heart and in carotid artery in the neck | baroreceptors
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| (CV) centers in the brainstem | cardiovascular (CV)
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| negative feedback loop corrects fall in | blood pressure and restores homeostasis
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| blood volume affect by | four hormones
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| antidiuretic hormone= vasopressin - affects water reabsorption from the kidney | ADH
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| affects salt reabsorption by the the kidney | aldosterone
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| atrial natriuretic hormone- secreted by right atrium affects excretion of water and sodium (lowers blood pressure) | ANH
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| carried by erythrocytes causes relaxation/ dilation of blood vessels | Nitric Oxide (NO)
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| high blood pressure |
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| stationary blood clot | thrombus
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| heart attack | thrombus
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| local anemia of heart muscle | thrombus
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| cholesterol | thrombus
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| dislodged blood clot | embolus
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| pulmonary embolus | embolus
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| pneumonia | embolus
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| necrosis | embolus
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| death of brain tissue | stroke
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| in freshwater protozoans | contractile vacuole
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| along the edges in flatworms | flame cell
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| in every segment of an earthworm | nephridia
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| in insects | chitinous Malpighian tubules
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