Biology Cell Differentiation and Enzymes Quiz
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| an unborn or unhatched offspring in the process of development | embryo
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| the process by which cells become specialized | differentiation
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| the unspecialized cells from which differentiated cells develop | stem cells
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| able to do everything, as far as forming all tissues in the body | totipotent
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| a hollow ball of cells with a cluster of cells inside | blastocyst
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| capable of developing into many, but not all, of the body's cell types | pluripotent
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| found in the inner cells mass of the early embryo | embryonic stem cells
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| can produce many types of differentiated cells | multipotent
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| gathering stem cells from an embryo | harvesting
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| a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change | catalyst
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| protein acting as biological catalysts that speed up the chemical reactions of the cell | enzymes
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| the energy required to start a reaction | activation energy
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| the substance acted upon by an enzyme | substrate
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| places on enzymes to which a specific substrate binds | active sites
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| the breaking of many of the weak linkages, or bonds (e.g., hydrogen bonds), within a protein molecule | denature
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| an enzyme found in potatoes that catalyzes the oxidation of a particular substrate by hydrogen peroxide | catalase
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| an enzyme found in turnips that catalyzes the oxidation of a particular substrate by hydrogen peroxide | peroxidase
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| breaks down proteins | protease
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| breaks down lipids | lipase
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| breaks down lactose in milk | lactase
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| breakdown of complex molecules into two simpler molecules | catabolism
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| use of enzymes to build complex molecules from simpler molecules | anabolism
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| the compatibility of the shape of the active site and the shape of the enzyme | enzyme specificity
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| occurs when another part of the enzymes bonds with a molecule that is not the substrate and the bonding occurs at a second site, called the allosteric site | noncompetitive inhibition
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| occurs when a substance binds to the active site of an enzyme and prohibits normal substrate interaction | competitive inhibition
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| The _______ _______ contains hundreds of different cell types, and every one of them develops from the single cell that starts the process. | human body
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| Most multicellular organisms pass through an early stage of development called an _______, which gradually develops into an adult organism. | embryo
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| During development, cells ______________ into many different types and become specialized to perform certain tasks. | differentiate
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| _______________ cells carry out the jobs that multicellular organisms need to stay alive. | Differentiated
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| Cell differentiation in mammals is controlled by a number of interacting factors in the ________. | embryo
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| Adult cells generally reach a point at which their _______________ is complete and they can no longer become other types of cells. | differentiation
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| Only the fertilized egg and the cells produced by the first few cell divisions of embryonic development are truly ___________. | totipotent
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| After about four days of development, a human embryo forms into a blastocyst and the cells of the inner cell mass are said to be ____________. | pluripotent
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| What are the two types of stem cells? | embryonic and adult stem cells
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| Researchers have grown stem cells isolated from human embryos in culture and their experiments confirmed that __________ ______ _______ have the capacity to produce most cell types in the human body. | embryonic stem cells
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| Adult stem cells of a given organ or tissue is ____________ and typically produces only the types of cells that are unique to that tissue. | multipotent
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| _______ ________ research may lead to new ways to repair the cellular damage that results from heart attack, stroke, and spinal cord injuries. | Stem cell
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| Most techniques for harvesting cause destruction of the _________. | embryo
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| Government funding of ____________ ______ ______ research is an important political issue. Groups seeking to protect embryos oppose such research as unethical. | embryonic stem cell
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| Some groups support ___________ _______ _____ research as essential to saving human lives and so view it as unethical to restrict the research. | embryonic stem cell
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| Life in a cell is made possible through hundreds of chemical reactions and if these chemical reactions proceed too slowly, the activities of the cell would come to a ______. | halt
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| Without _________, the reactions of the cell would proceed so slowly that they would be of no use to the cell, and the cell would die. | enzymes
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| __________ __________ occur faster and at lower temperatures because enzymes lower the activation energy for that chemical reaction. | Enzymatic reactions
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| __________ are never consumed or used up during the reaction so they can do their job over and over again. | Enzymes
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| The enzyme has an active site with a unique 3-D shape into which its __________ must fit so enzymes are highly specific for just one substrate. | substrate
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| Enzymes __________ both the forward and the reverse of the same reaction. | catalyze
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| Since enzymes are unchanged by ___________ ____________, only a small amount of any particular enzyme may be present so many different enzymes are in a single cell. | chemical reactions
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| Enzymes can be ___________ by temperatures and pH levels outside the optimal range for that particular enzyme. | denatured
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| Many enzymes like __________ are found in both plant and animal tissues. | catalase
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| What letters do enzymes almost always end in? | -ase
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