Development Theories
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| Jean Piaget | Cognitive developmental theory that children developed in stages as they aged.
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| James Fowler | Faith developmental theory that was based on the works of Piaget and Kohlberg. Comprised of pre-stage and six stages, which can occur at any age but the order remains the same.
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| Lawrence Kohlberg | Moral developmental theory that was adapted from Piaget. Each level represents an individual's ability to more adequately respond to moral situations or dilemmas.
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| Sigmund Freud | Psychoanalytic developmental theory that states one's personality is established by the age of 5. Sexuality or pleasure drive human behavior.
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| Erik Erikson | Psycho social developmental theory expanded on Freud's work by including cultural and social influences.
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| Robert Havinghurst | Psycho social developmental theory. Developmental tasks occur at certain ages. Six major stages in life.
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| Four stages of Piaget's theory | Sensorimotor; Preoperational; Concrete; Formal
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| Fowler's six stages | undifferentiated faith; intuitive-projective faith; mythical-literal faith; synthetic-conventional faith; individual-reflective faith; conjunctive faith; universalizing faith
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| Kohlberg's three levels | pre conventional, conventional, and post conventional
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| Stages of Kohlberg's pre conventional level. | L 1 Stage 1. Punishment or obedience. rules are fixed, obeying rules is important.
Stage 2. instrumental relativist- actions are based on how they serve their own interest.
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| Stages of Kohlberg's conventional level. | L 2 Stage 3. Social conformity; focused on living up to social expectations and roles, conformity and being "nice" are emphasized.
Stage 4. Law and Order; able to consider society as a whole, following rules and doing one's duty is the focus.
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| Stages of Kohlberg's post conventional level. | L 3 Stage 5. Social Contract; begin to account for differing values, laws important, but society as a whole should agree.
6. Universal ethics; follow internalized principles even if they conflict with society laws.
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| Carol Gilligan | Asserts women and men develop personally and morally different. Women developed focusing on the connections and needs of others.
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| 3 levels of Gilligan | L1- selfishness; cares for themselves
L2- Goodness; care of other people- mother or wife
L3- Non violence- acceptance of principle of care for self and others and rules.
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| Four components of Freud's theory | Unconscious mind; Id; Ego; Super Ego
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| Five developmental stages of Freud's theory | Oral (birth-18mths); Anal (18mths--1-3yrs); Phallic(3-6yrs); Latency(6-12yrs); Genital(12-20yrs).
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| Erikson's stages | Trust vs mistrust; autonamy vs shame/doubt; initiative vs guilt; industry vs inferiority; identity vs confusion; intimacy vs isolation; generativity vs stagnation; ego ingegrity vs despair.
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