Respiratory
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| Epidemiology | study of distribution and determinants of health related states
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| Health | The absence of illness
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| What are the six dimensions of health? | Physical, social, mental, emotional, spiritual, environmental
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| Core functions of public health | Assessment, policy development, and assurance
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| Population | Collection of individuals that share one or more observable characteristics
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| Distribution | Study of frequency and pattern of health events
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| Frequency | Number, and number in relation to the population
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| Pattern | The health related state or event by person, place, and time characteristics
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| Determinants | Search for causes and other factors for health related events
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| What are the health related states or events? | Disease states (Cholera), Conditions associated with health (physical activity), events (injury_)
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| Scientific method in regards to epi | The health problem, hypotheses, statistical testing, interpretation, and dissemination
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| Descriptive epidemiology | Involves designs to study who, what, when, and where
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| Analytic epi | Studies why and how health related events occur. Trying to find patterns and solve problems
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| Activities performed in epi | Identifying risk factors, describing disease history, where the health problem is the greatest, monitoring diseases over time, evaluating programs
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| Epi information | Public health assessment, causes of disease, completing clinical picture, program. Eveluation
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| What do you measure in program evaluation? | Efficacy and effectiveness
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| Efficacy | ability of a program to produce a desired effect among those who participate compared to those who do not participate
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| Effectiveness | Ability of a program to produce benefits among those who are offered the program
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| Questions that need epi | Diagnosis, causes, treatment, prognosis, health promotion and practice, health and disease surveillance, health inequalities
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| Epidemic | Health related state or event in a defined population above the expected in a given period of time (example: really bad flu season)
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| Endemic | Persistant, usual, expected health event in a defined population over a given period of time (example: AIDS/Malaria)
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| Pandemic | An epidemic that crosses borders including to other countries and continents
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| Common source | Point, intermittent, and continuous
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| What happens when you remove the common source? | Epidemic rapidly decreases because source of outbreak was contained
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| Propagated source | Spread from person to person through direct or indirect routes. These can happen more slowly
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| Mixed epidemics | A mix of the previous two. Can occur when a common source outbreak is followed by a person to person outbreak.
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| Direct transmission | Person to person typically
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| Indirect methods | Vehicle borne, or vector borne
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| Example of direct transmission | STDs
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| Example of vehicle borne disease | HIV spread through dirty needles
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| Ex of vector borne | Malaria spread through mosquitoes
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| Case definition | Standard set of criteria. Makes sure that the disease is consistently diagnosed. They include: person, place, time, clinical criteria
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| Case | Person who has been diagnosed with having a disease or disorder
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| Primary case | First disease case in the population
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| Index case | First disease brought to the attention of the epidemiologist
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| Secondary case | Those who become infected after its been introduced and who gets infected from the primary case
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| Suspect | An individual who has all the signs and symptoms of a disease but have not been diagnosed
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| Confirmed | All criteria met and have confirmed to have disease
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| Three sides to the epi triangle for infectious disease | Environment, infectious agent, and host
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| Fomites | Objects that may harbor a disease agent such as clothing, towels, utensils, needles
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| Vector | An invertebrate animal capable of transmitting the infectious disease
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| Reservior | The habitat on which an infectious agent lives, grows, multiplies, and depends on for its survival in nature.
Ex: humans, animals, food, feces
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| Zoonosis | When an animal transmits a disease to the human. (Rabies)
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| Carrier | A carrier contains, spreads, or harbors the infectious organism (Typhoid Mary)
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| Active carrier | Individual has been exposed and is harboring pathogen
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| Convalescent carrier | Individual still in recovery from disease who is still infectious
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| Healthy carrier | Exposed to pathogen but has no symptoms
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| Incubatory carrier | Exposed to pathogen and is at beginning steps of disease, showing symptoms, and is infectious
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| Intermittent carrier | Individual in recovery from disease who is still infectious in different places or time intervals
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| Epi triangle for chronic diseases | Environment, group/population, and causative factors.
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| Chain of infection | Mode of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host, infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit
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| Hippocrates | First epidemiologist, ascribed to atomic theory, observed diseases in different places, introduced terms such as epidemic and endemic.
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| Thomas Syndeham | First really to study observation- relied on âunorthodox treatmentsâ such as fresh air and healthy diet
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| James Lind | Did experimental treatments for scurvy on sailors, used clinical observation
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| Benjamin Jesty | One of the first in western civilization to study effects of smallpox and cowpox. Observations from milkmaids.
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| Edward Jenner | Credited for laying the groundwork for vaccination. Actually gave his milkmaid cowpox and she did not catch the disease. Used VARIOLATION
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| Ignaz Semmelweis | Credited with advancements in hand washing because of observations of women dying after routine pelvic exams given by medical students who did not wash their hands.
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| John Snow | Cholera outbreak epidemiologist in London. Used both descriptive and analytical.
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| Louis Pasteur | Important figure in germ theory. Investigated how humans contracted anthrax. And discovered a vaccine for it too.
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| Robert Koch | Worked with Pasteur to establish germ theory. First to photograph microbes. Identified spore stage of microorganisms.
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| Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek | First to use the microscope to study disease. Discovered âanimalculesâ which were what he saw under the microscope. Led to development of chemistry and histology.
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| John Gaunt | Used the âbills of mortalityâ in London- age, sex, who died, etc.
developed life tables
Divided them into acute and chronic death.
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| William Farr | Noted as first to extensively use vital statistics. Promoted concept of multi-factorial etiology.
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| Bernadino Ramazzini | Noted the link between occupational hygiene and health. Workers were getting diseases as a direct cause of work exposure.
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| Florence nightingale | British nurse who helped develop changes in hygiene. Monitored rates to prove that hygiene affected death. Developed applied statistics
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| Typhoid mary | Had no symptoms, gave it to other people. Confined and isolated
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| T.K. Takaki | Noted for recognizing the importance of vitamins. Eradicated beriberi from Japanese navy.
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| Lemuel Shattuck | Published first report on sanitation and public health problems. Set forth the importance of establishing health boards and organizing the effort to collect data
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| Edgar Sydenstricker | Suggested morbidity statistics be classified into 5 general groups:
Communicable diseases, hospital and clinical records, insurance and establishment of school illness records, illness surveys, records of incidence in a population
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| Jane Lane-Claypon | Recognized the importance of breastfeeding, advocate of prenatal services. Recognized factors associated with breast cancer.
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| Wade Hampton Frost | Father of modern epidemiology, investigated flu pandemic, advanced many different parts of epidemiology
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| Framingham study | Prospective cohort study on cardiovascular disease. Has given us extremely helpful
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| Epi of smoking and lung cancer | Case-control studies done in the 50s to establish a link. Also cohort studies done. Yeah
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| Modern epi people | Olli Miettinen, Austin Bradford Hill, Joseph Fleiss
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| What is disease? | Interruption, cessation, or disorder of body functions, systems, or organs
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| Etiology | Science and study of the causes of disease and their mode of operation.
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| Communicability | Ability to transfer disease- HIV, cholera, influenza
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| Horizontal transmission | Transmission of infectious agents from person to person (influenza)
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| Vertical transmission | Transmission of offspring from parents. Through sperm, placenta, milk, or vaginal fluid.
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| Infectious disease | Disease caused by microorganism
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| Pathogen | Organisms such as prions, bacteria, fungi, that are capable of producing diseases.
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| Invasiveness | The ability to get into a susceptible host and cause disease
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| Virulence | The disease evoking power of a pathogen
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| Toxins | Term used to describe a poisonous substance produced by a living organism
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| Viability | The capacity of a pathogen or agent to survive outside the host and to exist or thrive in the environment.
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| Incubation period | Period of time from exposure to symptoms
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| Latency period | For chronic diseases. Typically harder to identify since the causes are lifestyle choices that cause the disease.
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| Stages of disease process | Susceptibility, pre-symptomatic disease, clinical disease, and recovery, disability or death.
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| Congenital and hereditary diseases | Familial tendencies, born with the disease. Ex: Down syndrome, hemophilia, congenital heart defects
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| Allergies and inflammatory diseases | Body reacting to an invasion of or injury by a foreign object or substance
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| Degenerative diseases | Deterioration of body systems, functions. EX: Alzheimerâs, osteoporosis, arthritis
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| Metabolic diseases | Cause dysfunction of certain organs or physiological processes. Many are hereditary. Works with how cells regulate and conversion of food to energy. EX: Tay-Sachs
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| Common modes of entry into the body of infectious disease agents | Respiratory, organ, intravenous, urinary, gastrointestinal, transplacental
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| Zoonotic disease | An infectious organism in vertebrate animals that can be transmitted to humans through direct contact, a fomite, or vector.
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| Notifiable diseases | Considerable public health importance because they are serious.
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| Active immunity | The body produces its own antibiotics, this can occur through vaccine or already having the disease
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| Passive immunity | Acquired through transplacental transfer of mothers immunity to child.
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| Herd immunity | Based on the notion that if many people are protected from a disease that an epidemic will not occur.
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| Isolation | Applies to a person who are known to be ill with a contagious disease
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| Quarantine | Applies to a person who may have been exposed but may or may not have become ill.
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