Mod B Urinary/GI/Nutrition
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| URINARY ELIMINATION | last step in the removal and elimination of excess water and the by-products of body metabolism
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| 2 KIDNEYS | filter waste products of metabolism from the blood; left usually higher than the right
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| 2 URETERS | transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder
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| BLADDER | holds urine until the volume in bladder triggers an urge sensation to pass urine
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| URETHRA | urine travels from the bladder to the outside of the body through these
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| NEPHRONS | functional unit of the kidneys; removes waste products from the blood and play a role in the regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance
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| GLOMERULUS | cluster of capillaries in the nephron
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| PROTEINURIA | abnormal amount of protein in the urine
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| HEMATURIA | presence of blood in the urine
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| URINARY REFLUX | back flow of urine
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| MICTURITION | complex interaction between the bladder, urinary sphincter and central nervous system; act of urination/voiding
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| VOIDING | bladder emptying
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| NORMAL BLADDER CAPACITY | 300 - 600 mL
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| URINARY RETENTION | the inability to partially or completely empty the bladder
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| COMPLETE URINARY RETENTION | no voiding; during partial retention; bladder never empties
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| ESCHERICHIA COLI | a bacterium commonly found in the colon; most common causative pathogen E. COLI
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| BACTERIURIA | bacteria in the urine
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| PYELONEPHRITIS | inflammation of the substance of the kidney as a result of bacterial infection; upper UTI
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| BACTEREMIA | life-threatening blood-stream infection
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| UROSEPSIS | life-threatening blood-stream infection in the urinary tract
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| DYSURIA | pain/discomfort associated with voiding
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| CYTITIS | irritation of the bladder
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| URINARY INCONTINENCE (UI) | involuntary loss of urine
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| STOMA | surgically created opening in the abdominal wall
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| URINARY DIVERSIONS | section of the intestine to create a storage reservoir or conduit for urine
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| URETEROSTOMY | (ileal conduit) a permanent incontinent urinary diversion
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| NURSING HISTORY | review of the patient's elimination patterns, symptoms of urinary alterations, and assessment of factors affecting normal urination
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| GRADUATED MEASURING CONTAINER | measures urine volume
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| URINE HAT | collects urine in the toilet
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| UROMETER | device for measuring frequent and small amounts of urine from an indwelling catheter
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| CHARACTERISTICS OF URINE | color (pale yellow - hydrated/amber - dehydrated)
clarity (transparent); cloud means bacteria
odor (ammonia) NO BLOOD OR PROTEIN IN THE URINE
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| NORMAL pH | 4.6 - 8.0
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| NORMAL URINARY OUTPUT | 30 mL/hr.
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| RESIDUAL URINE | bladder does not empty completely and volume is high
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| URINAL | plastic/metal receptable for urine
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| POSTVOID RESIDUALS | complete inability of the bladder to empty
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| URINARY CATHETERIZATION | placement of a tube through the urethra into the bladder to drain urine
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| SINGLE-LUMEN CATHETER | for intermittent/straight catheter
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| DOUBLE-LUMEN CATHETER | indwelling catheter, one lumen for urinary drainage and a second lumen to inflate a balloon to keep in place
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| TRIPE-LUMEN CATHETER | continuous bladder irrigation or when instilling medications into the bladder; one lumen drains the urine; second lumen inflates the balloon, third lumen delivers irrigation fluid into the bladder
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| INVASIVE | sterile (catheters, wound)
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| NON-INVASIVE | cat scan, xrays, etc
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| FRENCH SCALE (FR) | sizing catheters scale
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| ADULT CATHETER | 14 - 16 FR
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| CHILDREN CATHETER | 12 FR
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| INFANT CATHETER | 5 - 6 FR
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| SUPRAPUBIC CATHETER | a urinary drainage tube inserted surgically into the bladder through the abdominal wall above the symphysis pubis that is sutured to the skin when the urethra is blocked
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| CAUTI | catheter associated UTI
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| CONDOM CATHETER (external catheter) | a soft, pliable condom-like sheath that fits over the penis providing a safe and non-invasive way to contain urine
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| RESTORATIVE BLADDER CARE | life style change
pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT)
bladder retraining
toileting schedules
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| INCONTINENCE-ASSOCIATED DERMATITIS (IAD) | erythema and edema of the surface of the skin that is sometimes accompanied by bullae with serous exudates, erosion, or secondary cutaneous infection "skin irritation"
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| #1 bacteria that causes UTI | E. COLI
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| PERISTALSIS | contraction that propels food through the length of the GI tract
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| FLATUS | gas
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| DEFECATION | emptying of waste products out through the anus
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| CONSTIPATION | having fewer than 3 bowel movements per week (hard stool)
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| FECAL IMPACTION | unrelieved constipation (needs manually broken up)
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| DIARRHEA | increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid (unformed stools)
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| CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE (C. DIFF.) | infection caused by antibiotics with the overgrowth of C-difficile
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| FECAL INCONTINENCE | inability to control the passage of feces and gas from the anus
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| FLATULENCE | accumulated excess gas
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| HEMORRHOIDS | dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum
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| STOMA | temporary/permanent opening
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| MELENA | black, sticky stool
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| FECAL OCCULT BLOOD TEST (FOBT) | measures microscopic amounts of blood in feces
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| COLONOSCOPY | procedure done through the anus to examine the colon
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| COLOSTOMY | surgical opening in the colon
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| ILEOSTOMY | opening in the small intestine (ileum) bypassing the large intestine
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| ILEONAL POUCH |
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| LAXATIVE | drug that acts to promote bowel evacuation
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| CATHARTICS | drug that acts to promote bowel evacuation
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| ILEUS | temporary cessation of peristalsis
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| ENEMA | an instillation of a solution into the rectum and sigmoid colon
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| PATH OF DIGESTION | mouth
esophagus
stomach
small intestine (duodenum-jejunum-ileum)
large intestine (cecum-ascending colon-transverse colon-
descending colon-sigmoid colon)
rectum
anus
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| NURIENT | a chemical substance that provides nourishment and affects metabolic and nutritive processes
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| ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS | carbohydrates
proteins
lipids
vitamins
minerals
water
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| NUTRIENTS THAT PROVIDE ENERGY | carbohydrates
proteins
lipids
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| CATALYSTS FOR THE USE OF ENERGY FOR ENERGY | vitamins
minerals
water
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| CARBOHYDRATES | composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen; they are starches and sugars obtained mainly from plant foods; 90% total caloric intake
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| CARBOHYDRATES HAVE | 4 kilocalories per gram ( 4 kcal/g )
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| FIBER | carbohydrate; natural part of a plant; prevents diarrhea
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| AMINO ACIDS | the building blocks of proteins and are made of hydrogen, oxygen, carbon and nitrogen; synthesis of body tissue in growth, repair, and maintenance
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| ADULTS NEED HOW MUCH AMINO ACIDS DAILY? | ADULTS - 0.8 g/kg/daily
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| NITROGEN BALANCE | the achievement of equal nitrogen input and output
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| FATS (lipids) | -are compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents (e.g. ethanol/acetone)
-make up of triglycerides and fatty acids
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| FATS HAVE | 9 kilocalories per gram ( 9 kcal/g )
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| VITAMINS | organic substances present in small amounts of food and are essential for normal metabolism; water and fat soluble
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| WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS | C and B complex (stored in limited amounts)
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| FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS | A, D, E, and K (stored for longer periods)
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| MINERALS | inorganic elements that catalyze biochemical reactions and help balance the pH in the body
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| WATER | -normal cell function depends on an aqueous environment so water is an important nutrient
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| WATER AMOUNT IN THE HUMAN BODY |
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| METABOLISM | all of the bodily biochemical and physiological processes
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| ANABOLISM | the production of more complex chemical substances by synthesis of nutrients needed to build or repair body tissue
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| CATABOLISM | the breakdown of body tissues into simpler substances
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| LIVER | major metabolic processes occur
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| GLUCOSE | primary fuel for the body
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| GLYCOGENESIS | liver and muscles store glucose in the form of glycogen
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| GLUCONEOGENESIS | body breaks down fat and amino acids for conversion to glucose
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| BASAL METABOLIC RATE ( BMR ) | the energy needs of a person at rest after awakening
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| DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES ( DRIs ) | nutrient reference values developed by the Institute of Medicine (IOM); guide as good nutrition and provide scientific basis for development of food guidelines in U.S. and Canada
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| EAR | estimated average requirement
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| RDA | recommended dietary allowance
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| AI | adequate intake
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| UL | tolerance upper intake levels
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| 1997 | Health People 2020; promote health and reduce chronic disease related to diet and weight
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| VEGETARIAN | plant based and elimination of animal-based foods
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| OVOLACTOVEGETARIAN | avoid meat, fish and poultry, but eat eggs and milk
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| LACTOVEGETARIAN | drink milk, but avoid eggs and animal-based foods
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| VEGAN | only eat plant origin foods
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| BODY MASS INDEX ( BMI ) | dividing weight in kg. by height in meters squared
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| NORMAL BMI | 18.5 - 24.9
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| OVERWEIGHT | 24.9 and above
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| OBESE | 29.9 and above
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| ANTHROPOMETRY | systematic measurement of the size and makeup of the body using height and weight as the principle measures
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| IDEAL BODY WEIGHT ( IBW ) | normal height-weight relationship
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| DYSPHAGIA | difficulty swallowing
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| BOTULISM | improperly home canned foods, smoked and salted fish, ham, sausage and shellfish
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| ESCHERICHIA COLI ( E. COLI ) | undercooked meat (beef)
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| LISTERIOSIS | soft cheese, meat (hot dogs, lunchmeat), unpasteurized milk, poultry and seafood
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| PERFRINGENS ENTERITIS | cooked meats or dishes held at room or warm temperature
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| SALMONELLOSIS | milk, custards, egg dishes, salad dressing, sandwich fillings, polluted shellfish
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| SHIGELLOSIS | milk, milk products, seafood and salads
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| STAPHYLOCOCCUS | custards, cream fillings, processed meats, ham, cheese, ice cream, potato salad, sauces and casseroles
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| ENTERAL NUTRITION (EN) | administration of nutrients and fluid into the stomach/intestinal tract via a feeding tube
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| NG TUBE | through the nose and into the small intestine
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| PARENTERAL NUTRITION (PN) | administration of a solution consisting of glucose, amino acids, minerals, electrolytes, trace elements and vitamins through a peripheral/central venous catheter
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| MEDICAL NUTRITION THERAPY ( MNT ) | the use of specific nutritional therapies to treat an illness, injury or condition
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| BOLUS | meal-like
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