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Nursing Fundamentals
Mod B Urinary/GI/Nutrition
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| URINARY ELIMINATION | last step in the removal and elimination of excess water and the by-products of body metabolism |
| 2 KIDNEYS | filter waste products of metabolism from the blood; left usually higher than the right |
| 2 URETERS | transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder |
| BLADDER | holds urine until the volume in bladder triggers an urge sensation to pass urine |
| URETHRA | urine travels from the bladder to the outside of the body through these |
| NEPHRONS | functional unit of the kidneys; removes waste products from the blood and play a role in the regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance |
| GLOMERULUS | cluster of capillaries in the nephron |
| PROTEINURIA | abnormal amount of protein in the urine |
| HEMATURIA | presence of blood in the urine |
| URINARY REFLUX | back flow of urine |
| MICTURITION | complex interaction between the bladder, urinary sphincter and central nervous system; act of urination/voiding |
| VOIDING | bladder emptying |
| NORMAL BLADDER CAPACITY | 300 - 600 mL |
| URINARY RETENTION | the inability to partially or completely empty the bladder |
| COMPLETE URINARY RETENTION | no voiding; during partial retention; bladder never empties |
| ESCHERICHIA COLI | a bacterium commonly found in the colon; most common causative pathogen E. COLI |
| BACTERIURIA | bacteria in the urine |
| PYELONEPHRITIS | inflammation of the substance of the kidney as a result of bacterial infection; upper UTI |
| BACTEREMIA | life-threatening blood-stream infection |
| UROSEPSIS | life-threatening blood-stream infection in the urinary tract |
| DYSURIA | pain/discomfort associated with voiding |
| CYTITIS | irritation of the bladder |
| URINARY INCONTINENCE (UI) | involuntary loss of urine |
| STOMA | surgically created opening in the abdominal wall |
| URINARY DIVERSIONS | section of the intestine to create a storage reservoir or conduit for urine |
| URETEROSTOMY | (ileal conduit) a permanent incontinent urinary diversion |
| NURSING HISTORY | review of the patient's elimination patterns, symptoms of urinary alterations, and assessment of factors affecting normal urination |
| GRADUATED MEASURING CONTAINER | measures urine volume |
| URINE HAT | collects urine in the toilet |
| UROMETER | device for measuring frequent and small amounts of urine from an indwelling catheter |
| CHARACTERISTICS OF URINE | color (pale yellow - hydrated/amber - dehydrated) clarity (transparent); cloud means bacteria odor (ammonia) NO BLOOD OR PROTEIN IN THE URINE |
| NORMAL pH | 4.6 - 8.0 |
| NORMAL URINARY OUTPUT | 30 mL/hr. |
| RESIDUAL URINE | bladder does not empty completely and volume is high |
| URINAL | plastic/metal receptable for urine |
| POSTVOID RESIDUALS | complete inability of the bladder to empty |
| URINARY CATHETERIZATION | placement of a tube through the urethra into the bladder to drain urine |
| SINGLE-LUMEN CATHETER | for intermittent/straight catheter |
| DOUBLE-LUMEN CATHETER | indwelling catheter, one lumen for urinary drainage and a second lumen to inflate a balloon to keep in place |
| TRIPE-LUMEN CATHETER | continuous bladder irrigation or when instilling medications into the bladder; one lumen drains the urine; second lumen inflates the balloon, third lumen delivers irrigation fluid into the bladder |
| INVASIVE | sterile (catheters, wound) |
| NON-INVASIVE | cat scan, xrays, etc |
| FRENCH SCALE (FR) | sizing catheters scale |
| ADULT CATHETER | 14 - 16 FR |
| CHILDREN CATHETER | 12 FR |
| INFANT CATHETER | 5 - 6 FR |
| SUPRAPUBIC CATHETER | a urinary drainage tube inserted surgically into the bladder through the abdominal wall above the symphysis pubis that is sutured to the skin when the urethra is blocked |
| CAUTI | catheter associated UTI |
| CONDOM CATHETER (external catheter) | a soft, pliable condom-like sheath that fits over the penis providing a safe and non-invasive way to contain urine |
| RESTORATIVE BLADDER CARE | life style change pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) bladder retraining toileting schedules |
| INCONTINENCE-ASSOCIATED DERMATITIS (IAD) | erythema and edema of the surface of the skin that is sometimes accompanied by bullae with serous exudates, erosion, or secondary cutaneous infection "skin irritation" |
| #1 bacteria that causes UTI | E. COLI |
| PERISTALSIS | contraction that propels food through the length of the GI tract |
| FLATUS | gas |
| DEFECATION | emptying of waste products out through the anus |
| CONSTIPATION | having fewer than 3 bowel movements per week (hard stool) |
| FECAL IMPACTION | unrelieved constipation (needs manually broken up) |
| DIARRHEA | increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid (unformed stools) |
| CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE (C. DIFF.) | infection caused by antibiotics with the overgrowth of C-difficile |
| FECAL INCONTINENCE | inability to control the passage of feces and gas from the anus |
| FLATULENCE | accumulated excess gas |
| HEMORRHOIDS | dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum |
| STOMA | temporary/permanent opening |
| MELENA | black, sticky stool |
| FECAL OCCULT BLOOD TEST (FOBT) | measures microscopic amounts of blood in feces |
| COLONOSCOPY | procedure done through the anus to examine the colon |
| COLOSTOMY | surgical opening in the colon |
| ILEOSTOMY | opening in the small intestine (ileum) bypassing the large intestine |
| ILEONAL POUCH | |
| LAXATIVE | drug that acts to promote bowel evacuation |
| CATHARTICS | drug that acts to promote bowel evacuation |
| ILEUS | temporary cessation of peristalsis |
| ENEMA | an instillation of a solution into the rectum and sigmoid colon |
| PATH OF DIGESTION | mouth esophagus stomach small intestine (duodenum-jejunum-ileum) large intestine (cecum-ascending colon-transverse colon- descending colon-sigmoid colon) rectum anus |
| NURIENT | a chemical substance that provides nourishment and affects metabolic and nutritive processes |
| ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS | carbohydrates proteins lipids vitamins minerals water |
| NUTRIENTS THAT PROVIDE ENERGY | carbohydrates proteins lipids |
| CATALYSTS FOR THE USE OF ENERGY FOR ENERGY | vitamins minerals water |
| CARBOHYDRATES | composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen; they are starches and sugars obtained mainly from plant foods; 90% total caloric intake |
| CARBOHYDRATES HAVE | 4 kilocalories per gram ( 4 kcal/g ) |
| FIBER | carbohydrate; natural part of a plant; prevents diarrhea |
| AMINO ACIDS | the building blocks of proteins and are made of hydrogen, oxygen, carbon and nitrogen; synthesis of body tissue in growth, repair, and maintenance |
| ADULTS NEED HOW MUCH AMINO ACIDS DAILY? | ADULTS - 0.8 g/kg/daily |
| NITROGEN BALANCE | the achievement of equal nitrogen input and output |
| FATS (lipids) | -are compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents (e.g. ethanol/acetone) -make up of triglycerides and fatty acids |
| FATS HAVE | 9 kilocalories per gram ( 9 kcal/g ) |
| VITAMINS | organic substances present in small amounts of food and are essential for normal metabolism; water and fat soluble |
| WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS | C and B complex (stored in limited amounts) |
| FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS | A, D, E, and K (stored for longer periods) |
| MINERALS | inorganic elements that catalyze biochemical reactions and help balance the pH in the body |
| WATER | -normal cell function depends on an aqueous environment so water is an important nutrient |
| WATER AMOUNT IN THE HUMAN BODY | |
| METABOLISM | all of the bodily biochemical and physiological processes |
| ANABOLISM | the production of more complex chemical substances by synthesis of nutrients needed to build or repair body tissue |
| CATABOLISM | the breakdown of body tissues into simpler substances |
| LIVER | major metabolic processes occur |
| GLUCOSE | primary fuel for the body |
| GLYCOGENESIS | liver and muscles store glucose in the form of glycogen |
| GLUCONEOGENESIS | body breaks down fat and amino acids for conversion to glucose |
| BASAL METABOLIC RATE ( BMR ) | the energy needs of a person at rest after awakening |
| DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES ( DRIs ) | nutrient reference values developed by the Institute of Medicine (IOM); guide as good nutrition and provide scientific basis for development of food guidelines in U.S. and Canada |
| EAR | estimated average requirement |
| RDA | recommended dietary allowance |
| AI | adequate intake |
| UL | tolerance upper intake levels |
| 1997 | Health People 2020; promote health and reduce chronic disease related to diet and weight |
| VEGETARIAN | plant based and elimination of animal-based foods |
| OVOLACTOVEGETARIAN | avoid meat, fish and poultry, but eat eggs and milk |
| LACTOVEGETARIAN | drink milk, but avoid eggs and animal-based foods |
| VEGAN | only eat plant origin foods |
| BODY MASS INDEX ( BMI ) | dividing weight in kg. by height in meters squared |
| NORMAL BMI | 18.5 - 24.9 |
| OVERWEIGHT | 24.9 and above |
| OBESE | 29.9 and above |
| ANTHROPOMETRY | systematic measurement of the size and makeup of the body using height and weight as the principle measures |
| IDEAL BODY WEIGHT ( IBW ) | normal height-weight relationship |
| DYSPHAGIA | difficulty swallowing |
| BOTULISM | improperly home canned foods, smoked and salted fish, ham, sausage and shellfish |
| ESCHERICHIA COLI ( E. COLI ) | undercooked meat (beef) |
| LISTERIOSIS | soft cheese, meat (hot dogs, lunchmeat), unpasteurized milk, poultry and seafood |
| PERFRINGENS ENTERITIS | cooked meats or dishes held at room or warm temperature |
| SALMONELLOSIS | milk, custards, egg dishes, salad dressing, sandwich fillings, polluted shellfish |
| SHIGELLOSIS | milk, milk products, seafood and salads |
| STAPHYLOCOCCUS | custards, cream fillings, processed meats, ham, cheese, ice cream, potato salad, sauces and casseroles |
| ENTERAL NUTRITION (EN) | administration of nutrients and fluid into the stomach/intestinal tract via a feeding tube |
| NG TUBE | through the nose and into the small intestine |
| PARENTERAL NUTRITION (PN) | administration of a solution consisting of glucose, amino acids, minerals, electrolytes, trace elements and vitamins through a peripheral/central venous catheter |
| MEDICAL NUTRITION THERAPY ( MNT ) | the use of specific nutritional therapies to treat an illness, injury or condition |
| BOLUS | meal-like |
Created by:
Smccunn
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