Definitions
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| Sexual reproduction | A reproduction mechanism in which progeny inherit DNA from two parents.
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| Gonads | The primary sexual organs in animals.
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| Asexual reproduction | A reproduction mechanism in which progeny inherit DNA from a single parent.
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| Vegetative reproduction | A form of asexual reproduction in which an individual is produced from the nonsexual tissues of a parent.
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| Clones | Individuals that descend asexually from the same parent and bear the same genotype.
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| Binary fission | Reproduction through duplication of genes followed by division of the cell into two identical cells.
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| Parthenogenesis | A form of asexual reproduction in which an embryo is produced without fertilization.
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| Cost of meiosis | The 50 percent reduction in the number of a parent's genes passed on to the next generation via sexual reproduction versus asexual reproduction.
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| Red Queen hypothosesis | The hypothesis that sexual selection allows hosts to evolve at a rate that can counter the rapid evolution of parasites.
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| Perfect flowers | Flowers that contain both male and female parts.
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| Simultaneous hermaphrodites | Individuals that possess male and female reproductive functions at the same time.
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| Sequential hermaphrodites | Individuals that possess male or female reproductive function and then switch to possess the other function.
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| Monoecious | Plants that have separate male and female flowers on the same individual.
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| Dioecious | Plants that contain either only male flowers or only female flowers on a single individual.
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| Environmental sex determination | A process in which sex is determined largely by the environment.
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| Frequency-dependent selection | When the rarer phenotype in a population is favored by natural selection.
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| Local mate competition | When competition for mates occurs in a very limited area and only a few males are required to fertilize all of the females.
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| Mating system | The number of mates each individual has and the permanence of the relationship with those mates.
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| Promiscuity | A mating system in which males mate with multiple females and females mate with multiple males and do not create a lasting social bond.
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| Polygamy | A mating system in which a single individual of one sex forms long-term social bonds with more than one individual of the opposite sex.
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| Polygyny | A mating system in which a male mates with more than one female.
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| Polyandry | A mating system in which a female mates with ore than one male.
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| Monogamy | A mating system in which a social bond between one male and one female persists through the period that is required for them to rear their offspring.
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| Extra-pair copulations | When an individual that has a social bond with a mate also breeds with other individuals.
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| Mate guarding | A behavior in which one partner prevents the other partner from participating in extra-pair copulations.
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| Sexual selection | Natural selection for sex-specific traits that are related to reproduction.
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| Sexual dimorphism | The difference in the phenotype between males and females of the same species.
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| Primary sexual characteristics | Traits related to fertilization.
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| Secondary sexual characteristics | Traits related to differences between the sexes in terms of body size, ornaments, color, and courtship.
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| Good gene hypothesis | The hypothesis that an individual chooses a mate that possesses a superior genotype.
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| Good health hypothesis | The hypothesis that an individual chooses the healthiest mates.
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| Runaway sexual selection | When selection for preference of a sexual trait and selection for that trait continue to reinforce each other.
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| The handicap priciple | The principle that the greater the handicap an individual carries, the greater its ability must be to offset that handicap.
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