Exam 2 Biology
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| Energy | is the capacity to do work either actively or stored for later use.
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| Energy | is transferred with electrons
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| Oxidation | is the loss of an electron
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| Reduction | is the gain of one electron
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| Oxidation | less stored energy
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| Reduction | more stored energy
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| Kinetic | energy that can work actively
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| Potentail | energy stored for later use
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| Exergonic | an energy yielding process
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| Exothermic | a heat yielding process
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| Exophotic | light yielding process
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| Endergonic | an energy requiring process
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| Endothermic | heat requiring process
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| Endophotic | light requiring process
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| Entropy | a measure of randomness in a system it takes energy input to maintain a complex organized (non random) system (hence why you decay when you die and no longer have energy to maintain your organized state) great comparison to a child's room
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| Free energy | energy which is available to do work ( that is what you want to do) because it is not already in some designed form such as heat or light
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| Gibbs free energy exchange | the change in heat content minus the changer in entropy (randomness,S) multiplied by the absolute temperature
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| First Law of Thermodynamics or called the Law of Conservation | states that the total energy in the universe is constant and therefore energy can not be created nor destroyed only change its form
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| First Law of Thermodynamics or called the Law of Conservation | E=mc^2
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| Second Law of Thermodynamics (Energy) | states that in the universe the total amount of free energy available for dong work is declining
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| Second Law of Thermodynamics (Energy) | primary because this energy is being lost in some other energy form such as light or heat in essence you have to eat more than you need because 2?3 of the energy in your food is given off as heat when you break larger molecules into smaller monomer
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| Oxidation | electron is moved to a lower energy level and therefore energy is released during oxidation does not always involve oxygen
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| Reduction | electron is moved to higher energy level and this requires an input of energy this energy is noted so a molecule or compound like methane is full of potential energy while the end result of burning oxidation methane which forms carbon dioxide has noenergy
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| metabolism | the sum of all energy exchanges that occur through chemical reactions in a living cell; equal to anabolism + catabolism
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| anabolism | all chemical reactions involved in biosynthesis
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| catabolism | all chemical reactions involved in the degradation of larger molecules
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| enzymes | globular water soluble proteins which lower the activation energy of chemical reactions in living cells thereby speeding up chemical reaction
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| enzymes | acts as a catalysts by facilitating reaction without being altered and can be reused as needed
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| Biochemical Pathways | involve many enzymes
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| enzymes | normally end with "ase"
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| cofactors | most enzymes require additional substances called what to function properly
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| cofactors | are divided into inorganic ions and organic coenzymes (like vitamins)
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| cofactors | change the shape of enzymes to help them fit and process their respective substrate
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| vitamin coenzymes | aid in the transference of hydrogen or various functional groups
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| ATP | adenosine triphosphate
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| ATP | formed by having the nitrogenous base adenine hooked up to a five-carbon ribulose sugar and three phosphate groups
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| ATP | this is how your body stores its energy highest energy sides between the second and third phosphate groups
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| ATP | can be made either by hooking an inorganic phosphate (P) group onto ADP or hooking two inorganic phosphate groups (PP) onto AMP in a two- step process that makes ADP first
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| phosphorylation | is the making of ATP
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| photophosphorylation | the use of light to make ATP
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| oxidative phosphorylation | the use of oxygen to make ATP
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| Enzymes | remember that all what are globular water-soluble proteins made up of amino acid monomers some enzymes are actually enzyme complexes made up of many subunits
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| enzymes | act on specific substrates to produce and enzyme-substrate (E-S) complex which then gives rise to specific products
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| substrates | sizes don't matter
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| Active site | is where the enzyme chemically alters the substrate
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| Active site | is composed of a positioning site plus the catalytic site
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| positioning site | a site for rotating the molecule
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| catalytic site | for chemically altering the substrate this site may also involve one or more cofactors
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| catalysts | does not change itself can use it over and over again
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| catalysts | enzymes are what which affect (usually quicken the rate of a reaction) but do not chemically change themselves during the reaction and so can be used again
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| enzymes | have an optimum temperature and a optimum pH
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| optimum temp for enzymes | 37 degrees C = 98.6 degrees F
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| enzymes | will denature if the temperature or pH is too high or too low
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| Allosteric Interaction | other shape
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| Allosteric Interaction | allosteric effete site besides active site
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| Allosteric Interaction | allosteric effectors can be cofactors, co enzymes, or a product made by the enzyme
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| Allosteric Interaction | a common method for regulating the rate of enzyme function in your body
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| Allosteric Interaction | involved in negative feedback control of enzymes/hormones
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| Competitive Inhibition | reversible
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| Competitive Inhibition | chemically related substrate occupies the active site
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| Competitive Inhibition | morphine addiction (brain normally produces endorphins and encephalins)
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| Noncompetitive Inhibition | referable if treated in time
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| Noncompetitive Inhibition | a chemically related substrate occupies another site besides the active site (usually the allosteric effector site) to cause a temporary change in the enzyme shape
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| Noncompetitive Inhibition | snake/spider venoms (many of these look like coenzyme vitamins)
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| Irreversible Inhibition | binding of chemically active substances to key R-groups which causes permanent damage/death
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| Irreversible Inhibition | nerve gas; arsenic; penicillin destroying bacteria
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