6-1 vocab
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| gene | segment of dna that transmits information from parent to offspring
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| chromosome | a rod shaped structure that forms a single dna molecule
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| chromatids | the two copies of each chromosome
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| centromere | a protein disk that attaches two chromatids together
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| homologous chromosomes | the two copies of each chromosome
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| diploid | when a cel contains two homolougues of each chromosome
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| gametes | egg and sperm cells
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| haploid | when a cell contains only one homologue of each chromosome
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| zygote | a fertilized egg cell and the first cell of a new individual
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| trisomy | when a diploid cell has an extra chromosome
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| karyotype | the collection of chromosomes found in an individual's cell
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| Down syndrome | The traits produced by having an extra copy of chromosome 21
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| disjunction | when a cell divides normally each chromosome and it's homologue seperate
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| nondisjunction | when one or more chromosomes fail to seperate properly
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| amniocentesis | when a physician uses a needle and a syringe to remove a small amount of fluid from the amnion
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| amnion | the sac that surrounds the fetus
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| chorionic villi sampling | when a physician analyzes a karyotype
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| mutations | changes in an organisms genetic material
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| deletion | when a fragment of a chromosome breaks off, it can be lost when the cell divides causing a mutation
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| duplication | when a chromosome fragment attaches to it's homologous chromosome which will then carry two copies of a certain set of genes
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| inversion | when the fragment reattaches to it's original chromosome in the reverse orientation
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| translocation | when a fragment joins a nonhomologous chromosome
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| autosomes | of 23 pairs of chromosomes in human somatic cells, 22 pairs are the same in males and females
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| sex chromosomes | the chromosomes that differ between males and females
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| binnary fission | form of asexual reproduction that produces identical offspring
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| cell cycle | life of a eukaryotic cell
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| G1 | growth fase of the cell
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| s phase | when dna is copied
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| G2 phase | preperation for nuclear division is made
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| m phase | the phase where mitosis occurs
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| mitosis | when the nucleaus of a cell divides in 2 nuclei
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| c phase | when the cytoplasm divides
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| cytokinesis | the process in which the cytoplasm divides
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| interphase | the g1, g2, ands phases
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| spindle fiber | the cables in the spindle
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| kinetochore | a disk protein
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