Bio Lab Quiz 2
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Hallmarks of Multicellularity | Specialization of cells and the cooperation of these cells to maintain life
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| Closest living ancestor to animals | Choanoflagellates
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| What is required to achieve cooperation of cells | Cell adhesion and cell communication
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| Cell adhesion | Cells must adhere to one another, requires genes for cell adhesion proteins
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| Why do choanoflagellates have genes needed for multicellularity? | These genes are probably used to stick to surfaces and capture prey but then were repurposed by evolution to perform the functions of cell adhesion and communication in multicelluar animals
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| Cell Communication | Required in order for cells to cooperate, requires genes for signaling proteins and protein receptors
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| Evolution of multicellularity | Multicellularity has evolved many times independently (convergent evolution)
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| Sponges | Multicellular, no tissues, no organs, no organ system; cells is the highest unit in proifera- "pore bearers"
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| Spongocoel | The central, open cavity in a sponge through which water flows
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| Osculum | A large opening in a sponge through which water flows out of the sponge. Sponges may have more than one oscula.
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| Choanocyte | Line the inner cavity of the sponge; have a sticky, funnel-shaped collar that collects food particles and a flagellum to pump water through the sponge. The sponge obtains its nutrients and oxygen by processing flowing water
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| Porocyte | Cells with pores that allow water into the sponge; they are located all over the sponge's body
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| Mesohyl | The gelatinous layer between the outer body of the sponge and the spongocoel
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| Spicule | Sharp spikes (made of calcium carbonate) located in the mesohyl; form the "skeleton" of many sponges
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| Amoebocyte | Digests food particles and distributes them
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| Symmetry | Asymmetry; asconoids and syconoid sponges have radial symmetry
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| Sponges are sessile | Immobile
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| Basic tasks of staying alive | Get nutrients (glucose, amino acids, fatty acids) to cells, get rid of indigestible material= ingestion, digestion, absorption elimination. Circulation, gas exchange, excretion, nerve and muscle, and reproduction
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| Leucenoids | Most surface area= more choanocytes so can grow bigger in size from nutrients
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| Asconoids | Cannot increase in size, because theres a smaller surface area and therefore less choanocytes
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| Sponges need to get rid of... | Ammonia
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| Sponges are vulnerable to | Attacks by predators, being crowded by other organisms competing for space on reefs, being overgrown which affects water flow, infection by pathogenic microorganisms
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| Sponge's Defense | Spicules and chemical toxins
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| Porifera Reproduction | Individual sponge produces egg and sperm. Sperm are released and enter another sponge where it fertilizes an egg. A larva develops and is carried out by the water current; it settles down on a surface and develops into an adult sponge
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| Sponges are dependent on ____ for staying alive | Water flow
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| Gas exchange and excretion between cells and environment | Each cell is on a surface (single layer) so they're all touching seawater; gases and wastes can diffuse across cell membranes
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| Parazoa | Only living animals in this clade are sponges
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| Focus using 4x objective and 10x objective | Coarse focus knob
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| As objective moves up, working distance _____ | Decreases
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| Focus using 40x objective | Fine focus knob
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| Preferable way to adjust light | Diaphragm
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| What are tardigrades? | Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotroph that ingests food... animal!
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| Microvilli | Capture small particles
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| Working Distance | The distance between the objective that is in place and the slide
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| The ocular lenses have a magnifying power of | 10x
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| Total magnification of micrscope = | Ocular power (10x) times Objective power (4x, 10x, or 40x)
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| Depth of Field | The range of depth that a specimen is in acceptable focus; as magnification increases, depth of field decreases
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Created by:
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