Biology Exam 2
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| What replaced the spontaneous generation theory | biogenesis theory
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| who created the biogenesis theory | Virchow and Pasteur
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| what is the biogenesis theory | that all life coming from a common ancestor from outer space
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| who created the cell theory | a botanist Schlseiden and zoologist Schwann
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| what is the cell theory | 1) all living things are composed of cellss(biogenesis)
2) cells come from preexisting cells
3) the chemical reactions of life occur within cells
4) cells contain hereditary information
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| no defined nucleus bacteria and blue-green algae does NOT include viruses (which are NOT life) | Prokaryote
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| defined nucleus surrounded by a membrane algae, protozoans, fungi, plants, and animals | Eukaryote
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| Is an energy source makes their own food phototroph or chemotrophs blue green algae are phototrophs green algae and plants are photophs some bacteria are chemotrophs | Autotrophic
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| obtain food which is already organic in its nature includes pathogenic bacteria and fungi includes all animals and most protozoans animals: herbivore, carnivore, omnivore | Heterotrophic
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| live |
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| use light beam as illuminating source | light microscope
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| like the ones you use in Bio 101 labs | Bright field
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| light waves out of sync with each other creates relief effect so organism is lifted up from the background includes phase contrast and normaski differential interference contrast | Interference
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| are use electron beams in place of light to obtain higher magnification used to study ultrasound and 3-D structure | electron microscopes
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| electron beam scans outer surface can be modified to S.T.M which will produce computer enhanced images of molecules like DNA | S.E.M.
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| transmission electron microscope: beam passes through into cytoplasm can also use of heavy metals as "shadow stains" which is commonly used to see very small viruses used to see cytoplasmic ultrastructure and cellular organelles | T.E.M.
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| where are cell walls found | prokaryotes, algae, plants, fungi
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| analogous to a cardboard box surrounding a balloon | cell wall
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| not found in animal cells | cell wall
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| comprised of beta (1,4) linked homopolysaccharide cellulose in plant cells and green algae | cell wall
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| regulates what passes into and out of cell cell to cell recognition connection and adhesion cell communication | Plasma Membrane
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| instructions to protein synthesis snd cell reproduction contains genetic information | Nucleus
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| Contains hereditary information used to direct synthesis of proteins | Chromosomes
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| synthesis of rRNA and ribosome assembly | Nucleolus
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| Ribosomes | sites of protein synthesis
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| Intracellular compartment forms transport vesicles participates in lipid synthesis and synthesis of membrane or secreted proteins | ER
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| packages proteins for export from cell forms sensory vesicles | Golgi Apparatus
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| digest worn out organelles and cell debris digest material taken up by endocytosis | Lysosomes
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| isolate particular chemical activities from rest of cell | Micro bodies
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| Power plant of the cell sites of oxidative metabolism | Mitochondria
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| sites of photosynthesis | Chloroplasts
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| structural support cell movement movement of vesicles within cells | Cytoskeleton
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| motility or moving fluids over surfaces | Flagella
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| Protection and support | cell wall
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| selectively permeable membrane not semi permeable | Osmosis
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| device used to measure osmotic pressure | osmometer
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| osmotic pressure within cells which helps to keep cell organized internally | Turgor Pressure
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| red blood cells curtsy in hypertonic?hypotonic media | Hemolysis
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| red blood cells shrink in hypertonic?hypotonic media | Crenation
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| in freshwater protozoans | contractile vacuole
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| membrane channels or membrane pumps | permeases
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| protein doorway : involves a pore or channel maybe another carrier | facilitltated diffusion
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| same direction | symport ion exchange channels
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| opposite direction | antiport ion exchange channels
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| what is ATP called | active transport
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| includes endocytosis into cells and exocytosis out of cells | bulk movement
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| what is endocytosis | involves binding to receptor on the cell membrane and coating of the entering vacuole with the proteins clathrin from a coated pit
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| what is exocytosis | removes indigestible materia vacuole/vesicle fuses with cell membrane and then burst outside the cell
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| phagocytosis | solids
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| pinocytosis | cell drinking
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| the lack of contact inhibition | tumor or cancer
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| what are chemical messengers | hormones
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| plasmodesmata | plants; channels between cell walls
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| tight junctions | animals "saran wrap" around cells preventing leaking; close but never touch
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| desmosomes | animals "spot weld" between two cells; used for mechanical strength
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| gap junction | animals small channels; communication used to synchronize contortions of muscle cells in heart and is also used for carrying impulses in nerve cells (neurons)
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| photograph of homologues arranged by size ; can see abnormalities in chromosome numbers and/ or structure | karyotype
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| complete set of replicated chromosomes | diploid
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| one half set replicated chromosomes | haploid
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| merger of sperm and egg forms a diploid fertilized egg called a | zygote
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| specialized protein centromere region of each chromosome used for attachment of spindle fibers so that the separation of the replicated chromosomes can occur | kinetochores
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| smaller protein tubes that surround each centriole in animal cells used for added support so that the cells do not burst at the poles when the chromosomes are separated | asters
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| blue and green algae are what | autotrophic
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