Honors Biology
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| Cells | Basic unit of life.
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| Cell Theorgy | All living things made up of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure & function in living things, & new cells made from existing cells.
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| Prokaryotic Cells | Do not separate their genetic material within a nucleus, will grow, response, respond to environment, & sometimes glide along surfaces or swim through liquids.
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| Eukaryotic Cells | Generally more complex/larger than cells without a nucleus. The nucleus separates the genetic material from rest of cell.
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| Cytoplasm | Aqueous semi-fluid that fills internal space of cells.
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| Oranelles | Specialized organs in cells. Means "little organs".
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| Nucleus | Contains nearly all the cell's DNA, also coded instructions for making proteins & other important molecules. "Brain"
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| Chromosomes | Carry cells genetic information, found in the nucleus, spread throughout nucleus in form of chromatin.
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| Chromatin | A complex of DNA bound to proteins. "Uncoiled DNA"
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| Nucleous | Small dense region in nuclei. It assembles ribosomes.
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| Vacuoles | Large, sac-like membrane enclosed structures that store materials (water, salts, proteins, & carbs.
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| Lysosomes | Small organelles filled with enzymes that break down lipids, carbs, & proteins into smaller molecules.
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| Lysosomes | Small organelles involved with breaking down organelles that have "outlived/junk" their usefulness.
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| Cytoskeleton | Protein filaments that gives eukaryotic cells shape & internal organization and helps with cell movement.
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| Cytoskeleton | Helps to transport materials between different parts of the cells. Made up of microfilaments and microtubules.
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| Microfilaments | Threadlike structures made up a protein called actin.
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| Microfilaments | Form extensive networks in some cells & produce a tough flexible framework that supports cells and help cell move.
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| Microtubules | Hollow structures made up of proteins known as tubulins.
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| Microtubules | Play critical roles in maintaining cell shape, cell division, form structure called mitotic spindle
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| Mitotic spindle | Helps separate chromosomes.
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| Centrioles | In animal cells, microtubules are also called _________.
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| Centioles | Located near the nucleus & help organize cell division. These structures are not found in plant cells.
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| Ribosomes | Small particles of RNA,. The proteins are assembled in ribosomes. Produces protein on orders following coded instructions that come from DNA.
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| Proteins | Are found throughout the cytoplasm and are assembled in ribosomes and are produced by Golgi Apparatus.
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| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | Where lipid components of cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins & other materials that are exported from cells. Also found in Eukaryotic cells.
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| Cell Membrane | Thin flexible barrier that separated intercelluar space from external environment, mostly lipids.
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| Golgi Apparatus | Found in eukaryotic cells. Receives materials from ER and send them to other parts of the cell.
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| Golgi Apparatus | Place where proteins are produced, received, modified and shipped.
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| Chloroplasts | Found in plants & other organisms. Biological equivalents of solar power plants.
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| Chloroplasts | Capture energy from sunlight "photosynthesis". Inside contains large stacks of membranes, contain green pigments called chlorophyll.
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| Mitochondria | Power plants of cell that convert chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for cell to use.
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| Mitochondria | Has two membranes - outer & inner membranes. This structure helps with cellular respiration.
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| Cell Wall | Mostly found in prokaryotes and plant cells. Produces strong supporting layer around membrane. Main function is support, shape, and protects the cells. The membrane is porous.
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| Lipid Bilayer | Gives cell membrane a flexible structure that form strong barrier (protection/support) between cells & surrounding membrane. Regulates what enters & leaves cells.
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| Selectively Permeable | Some substances can pass across membrane & others cannot.
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| Nuclear Envelope | Double layered membrane barrier that protects DNA.
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| Nuclear Pores | Tiny holes in nuclear envelope that allows certain components to enter & leave nucleus.
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| Gene | Section of DNA that codes for a proteinV
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| Perixosomes | Specialized lysosomes that contains enzymes catalase that break down Hydrogen Oxide.
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| Cilia | Short, hair-like structure that helps with cell or organism movement.
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| Flagella | Long, whip-like structure that helps with cell or organism movement.
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| Protein synthesis | Links amino acids to make proteins.
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| Transport Vesicles | Carries protein from RER to Golgi, from Golgi to other parts of cell or from Golgi to cell membrane to be expelled from cells.
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| Photosynthesis | Plant cells convert energy from sunlight into chemical energy.
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| Smooth ER | Produces lipids, repairs cell membrane & removes toxins.
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| Centosome | Made up of two centroles. Produces microtubules and plays important role during animal division.
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| Scientist who observed cells from a cork tree using a primitive microscope in 1665. | Robert Hooke
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| Scientist who discovered tiny creatures (protozoa) through a microscope in 1674. | Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
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| Scientist who discovers bacteria which are smaller than protozoa in 1638. | Anton
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| The 3 scientist who proposed the cell theory in mid 1800's. | Schleiden, Schwann, & Virchow
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| Miroscopes | Tools that use a variety of magnifying lenses that enables you to view/observe very small things unable to be seen with the naked eye.
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| List 4 types of microscopes. | light microscopes, electron microscopes, TEM, & SEM
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| Light Microscope | Type of microscope where specimen can be seen alive. Usually preserved & affixed to a slide, illuminated from beneath by light source. Has 2 or more lenses to magnify image. Specimens often stained with dyes to see more details.
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| Electron Microscope | Type of microscope that uses beams of electrons focused by magnetic fields to magnify images. Specimens preserved & affixed to slide that must remain in a vacuum.
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| Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) | Type of microscope where the specimen's sliced & internal structures can be seen/visible.
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| Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) | Type of microscope that provides/gives a 3-dimensional view of the external structures.
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