Biology Notes - Chapter 4
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| What substances make up our cells and are vital for life? | Water, Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Fats
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| How much of the body is made up of water? | 80%
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| What is cytoplasm? | A solution of many different substances in water
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| What are metabolic reactions? | The chemical reactions that take place in all living organisms
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| What can't take place if chemicals are not dissolved in water? | Metabolic Reactions
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| What is a solvent? | The liquid in which a solute is dissolved in to form a solution
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| What are five reasons that water is important? | 1. It is needed in the body as a solvent.
2. Metabolic Reactions
3. Transport
4. Removal of Waste Products
5. Keeping Cool
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| What are carbohydrates? | Starches and Sugars
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| What do carbohydrate molecules contain? | Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen Atoms
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| Is there more carbon, hydrogen, or oxygen atoms in a carbohydrate molecule? | There is twice as many hydrogen atoms than carbon and oxygen atoms in a carbohydrate molecule.
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| What is a monosaccharide or simple sugar? | The simplest kinds of carbohydrates
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| What is the formula for a glucose molecule? | C6H12O6
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| Are simple sugar molecules big or small? | Very Small
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| Are simples sugar molecules soluble or insoluble in water? | Soluble
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| Do simple sugar molecules taste sweet? | Yes
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| What is a disaccharide or complex sugar? | Two simple sugar molecules joined together
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| What are two examples of complex sugars? | Sucrose and Maltose
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| What kind of carbohydrate is made up of one sugar unit? | Monosaccharide or Simple Sugar
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| What kind of carbohydrate is made up of two sugar units? | Disaccharide or Complex Sugar
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| Are complex sugars soluble or insoluble in water? | Soluble
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| Do complex sugars taste sweet? | Yes
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| What kind of carbohydrate is made up of hundreds of sugar units? | Polysaccharide
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| What is a polysaccharide? | A very large molecule made up of many simple sugars joined together
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| What are three examples of polysaccharides? | Cellulose, Starch, and Glycogen
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| Are polysaccharides soluble or insoluble in water? | Insoluble
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| Do polysaccharides taste sweet? | No
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| How much energy is one gram of carbohydrate? | 17 kJ
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| What is the unit used for measuring energy? | kJ (Kilojoules)
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| How is energy released? | Respiration
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| What is the word equation for respiration? | Glucose + Oxygen --> Carbon Dioxide + Water
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| What carbohydrate is usually used in respiration? | Glucose
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| How do you do a Benedict's test? | By adding Benedict's solution to a food, and heating it
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| If you use Benedict's solution on a food that contains reducing sugar, what color will it turn? | Brick Red
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| If you use Benedict's solution on a food that doesn't contain a reducing sugar, what color will it turn? | It will remain blue.
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| How do you test for starch? | Add Iodine to a Sample of Food
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| In an iodine test, what color will it turn if starch is present? | Blue-Black
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| In an iodine test, what color will it turn if starch isn't present? | Orange-Brown
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| What is another word for fats? | Lipids
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| What do fat molecules contain? | Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen Atoms
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| A fat molecule is made of four smaller molecules joined together. What are these four molecules? | One is glycerol and the other three molecules are called fatty acids.
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| Are fats soluble or insoluble in water? | Insoluble
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| What are oils? | Fats that are liquid at room temperature
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| How much energy is one gram of fat? | 39 kJ
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| When cells need energy, what do they use first? | They use carbohydrates first. They use fats when all the available energy from carbohydrates has been used.
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| What is the extra energy from fats useful for? | Storing Energy
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| What is the test for fats? | Ethanol Emulsion Test
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| How do you do an ethanol emulsion test? | Chop the food and shake it with ethanol. Pour the ethanol into water. If there was any fat in the food, then the fat ethanol mixture breaks up into millions of tiny droplets.
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| In an ethanol emulsion test, what does it mean if the mixture of water and ethanol remains transparent? | There are not any fats in it.
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| What do protein molecules contain? | Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Sometimes Sulfur Atoms
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| What are amino acids? | Molecules that link together in long chains to form proteins
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| What does a change in the order of amino acids cause? | A Different Protein
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| Are proteins soluble or insoluble in water? | Either
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| What is the function of proteins? | Making New Cells, Antibodies, Hemoglobin, and Enzymes
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| What are antibodies used for? | Killing Bacteria and Viruses Inside The Body
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| What is the test for proteins? | Biuret Test
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| How do you do a biuret test? | Mix the food in water, and then add dilute copper sulfate solution. Then, gently add dilute potassium hydroxide solution.
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| What does a purple color mean in a biuret test? | Protein is Present
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| What does a blue color mean in a biuret test? | Protein is not Present
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| What is DNA? | The chemical that makes up our genes and chromosomes
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| Which types of bases always link up together? | A and T always link up together and C and G always link up together.
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| What is one function of hemoglobin? | Transporting Oxygen
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| What do the two strands in DNA form? | Helix
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| What is the function of DNA? | To Provide A Code That Is Used To Determine What You Are
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| What is the test for sugars? | Benedict's Test
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