Quiz1
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| What is Microbiology? | The study of minute(small) living things (microorganisms) which live around us and/or inside us.
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| What are the major groups of microorganisms? | Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Algae, Protozoa, and Archaea.
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| What is the microorganism Bacteria in-till? | Bacteriology- is the study of bacteria, reproduce by BINARY FISSURE, PROKARYOTIC (single cell), cell was is composed of PEPTIDOGLYCAN (PG)=sugar & amino acids.
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| What is the microorganism Viruses in-till? | Virology- is the study of viruses, SUBMICROSCOPIC=to small to be seen by a ordinary light microscope, ACELLULAR= containing no cells, parastic (living as a parasite) entities (being) made up of a core of DNA or RNA.
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| What is the microorganism Fungi in-till? | (singular- fungus); Mycology- the study of fungi, EUKARYOTIC, cell wall contains CHINTIN.
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| What is the microorganism Algae in-till? | Phycology- the study of Algae (singular-alga)
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| What is the microorganism Protozoa in-till? | singular- protozoan; Protozoology- the study of protozoa.
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| What is the microorganism Archaea in-till? | lacks peptidoglycan PG, found in extreme environments.
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| What is a Genus? | 1st name, always capitalized
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| What is a Species? | 2nd name, not capitalized, specific epithet
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| What is Chemotherapy? | treatment of infectious (microbes) & noninfectious (cancers) disease using chemical substances; this treatment should kill pathogens w/o harming the infectious host;
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| What are the two types of Chemotherapy? | Synthetic-prepared chemicals in the lab and Antibiotics- chemicals produced naturally by bacteria or fungi
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| What is Fermentation? | anaerobic(w/o oxygen) cellular process i which organic foods are converted into simpler compounds; chemical energy is produced; occurs in certain bacteria, yeast; converts sugar to acids, gases, & or alcohol, in the absence of air.
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| What is Pasteurization? | a technique which kills most bacteria that cause spoilage by heating to a certain temperature.
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| Parasites | Parasitology- the study of parasites; lives @ the expense of another organism or host; worms (helminths), insects, certain bacteria, viruses.
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| What is an Organism? | a living thing(animal, plant, single cell); takes in & breaks down food for energy & nutrients; excretes undigested food as waste.
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| What is a Atom? | all matter is made up of atoms; is the SMALLEST it of a chemical element; consist of nucleus, proton(+), neutron(o), shell w/ electrons (-) moving around the nucleus; atomic # protons in nucleus; Atomic weight=protons plus neutrons
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| What is an Element? | a pure chemical substance consisting of a single atom distinguished by it's atomic number.
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| What is a Chemical Reaction? | Process of bonding together atoms & separating atoms already bonded; occurs by gaining , losing, or sharing electrons from the outer most shell.
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| Does a Chemical Reaction require energy? | YES; Endergonic= absorbs more energy that expels; Exergonic= expels (releases) more energy than absorbed.
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| What are the three types of Chemical Reaction? | Synthesis, Decomposition, Exchange/ Displacement
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| What is Synthesis? | 2 or more atoms, ions, molecules bind together forming a larger molecule (Anabolic/Anabolism). A+B=AB
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| What is Decomposition? | breaks down into smaller parts (Catabolic/Catabolism) AB=A+B
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| What is Exchange/Displacement? | Anabolic/Catabolic AB+C=AC+B or AB+CD=AC+BD
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| Chemical Bond(s) | Diatomic= 2 atoms of the same element bond; Compound= 2 atoms of different chemical elements bind
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| What are the three types of Chemical Bonds? | Ionic, Covalent, Hydrogen
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| Ionic Bond | attraction between ions of opposite charge EX: NaCl
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| Covalent Bond | atoms share one or more pairs of electrons; STRONG BOND EX:H2
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| Hydrogen Bond | weak temporary bond; a hydrogen atom bonded to one oxygen or nitrogen atom is attracted to another oxygen or nitrogen atom bridge between different molecules.
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| What are the two groups of Chemical Compounds? | Inorganic, Organic
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| What is a Inorganic Chemical Compound? | WATER; most important & most abundant; LACKS CARBON molecule; IONIC bonds significant; polar molecule; SALT
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| What is a Organic Chemical Compound? | contains carbon & hydrogen; large compounds called polymers; 4 groups of organic molecules= 1. Carbohydrate-sugar/straches/cellulose 2. Lipids-fats 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acide-DNA/RNA
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| What are the four levels of Proteins? | Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary
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| What is Primary Protein level? | line of amino acids (polypeptide chain)
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| What is Secondary Protein level? | repetitious twist (helix) of folding of polypeptide chain
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| What is Tertiary Protein level? | three dimensional folding of the structure (2 together)
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| What is Quaternary Protein level? | two or more polypeptide's in their folded state, that make up protein.
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| Acid | Dissociates into 1 or more hydrogen ions (H+) & 1 or more negative ions; proton donor
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| Bases | 1 or more positive ions (cations) plus 1 or more negative OH- ions: an electron acceptor.
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| The role of PH? | measures acidity or alkalinity of a substance; growth & kills; 7=neutral <7=acid >7=base
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| The role of a Buffer? | either releases (H+) or binds (H+) to stabilize PH to prevent sudden change in the environment
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| The role of Lipids? | provide protection, insulation, energy, important to cell membranes; important in plasma membrane.
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| What is Sucrose made of ? | Glucose + Fluctose
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| What is Lactose? | Glucose + Galactose
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| What is Maltose? | Glucose + Glucose
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| What are three common Disaccharide? | Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose
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| Nucleic Acids | made up f nucleotide (consisting of a base, sugar, phosphate group); there are two types DNA &RNA
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| DNA/ Deoxyribose | double stranded; forms a double helix; gene; Bases= AGCT; stores genetic information
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| RNA/ Ribose | single stranded; Bases= AGCU; functions in protein synthesis
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| ATP/ Adenasine Triphosphate | ENERGY-carrying molecule; stores & supplies energy; high energy molecule
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