A&P Finals Test
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| What are the functions of the lymphatic system? | Transport and drainage of excessive interstitial fluid and defend against disease
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| Where does lymph originate? | Blood plasma
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| Where does lymph ultimately dump into? | Subclavian vein
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| What is the function of lymph nodes? | Removes and destroys bacteria, viruses, and cellular debris
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| What is the function of the spleen? | Filters blood. Old blood cells removed, macrophages also destroy bacteria and viruses that are carried in the blood
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| What is the function of the thymus? | Production of T-lymphocytes
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| What are types of non-specific immunity? | Species specific, mechanical barriers, enzymatic action, interferons, inflammation and phagocytes
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| What is an antigen? | Any substance recognized by lymphocytes as foreign to the body (not self)
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| What is an antibody? | Produced by the body that can provide immunity against a specific antigen
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| What specific type of cells produce antibodies | The plasm cell of the B-Cells
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| What is the difference between memory B-cells and plasma cells? | Plasma cells produce the antibodies and B-cells remember the antigen
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| What is the difference between primary and secondary immunity? | Primary =the production of antibodies and destruction of foreign cells and secondary =B-cells which remember the antigen by its shape (Responds more quickly)
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| What is Titer | Concentration of specific antibodies in the blood
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| What is the function of a killer T-cell? | Attach to foreign cells and kill or inhibit their growth (needs t-helper cell)
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| What is adema? | Swelling due to accumulation of tissue fluid
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| What cause adema? | Lymphatic system becomes obstructed by injury of surgery or venous pressure
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| Where do lymphocytes originate? | Red bone marrow
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| Where do T-cells mature? | Thymus
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| Where do B-cells mature? | Red bone marrow
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| What is an autoimmune disease? | Body tissues are attacked by our own immune system
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| What is the most abundant antibody? | Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
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| What type of antibodies are present in the secretion of milk and saliva? | Immunoglobulin A (IgA)
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| What type of immunity is acquired from actually having the disease? | Natually acquired active immunity
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| IgG passes from mother to fetus in fetal circulation and IgA in milk describes what type of immunity? | Naturally acquired passive immunity
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| What type of immunity is acquired from vaccinations? | Artificially acquired active immunity
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| What are the 2 types of T-Cells? | Killer T-cells and Helper T-Cells
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| What is a natural killer cell? | Part of our immune system and are cells that kill target cells that are infected with a virus by perforating the cell
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| What is the function of the seminiferous tubules? | Production of sperm
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| In the reproduction of males, what is produced in the interstitial cells? | Testosterone 24/7
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| What is the purpose of the epididymis | Maturation of sperm and the storage of sperm until ejaculated or reabsorbed
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| What is the purpose of the vas deferns? | Carry sperm from the epididymuis to the urethra?
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| What prevents movement of sperm into urethra but doesn't reduce semen volume or libido? | Vasectomy
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| What is the purpose of the urethra in woman? | Urination
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| What is the purpose of the urethra in men? | Urination and reproduction
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| What 2 assessory sex glands produce the major volume of semen? | Seminal vesicles and prostate
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| What is the primary sex organ in woman | Ovaries
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| What is the purpose of the fallopian tubes (oviducts)? | Carries ova to the uterus
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| What area of the female reproductive system is the site for fertilization? | Fallopian tubes
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| What is the function of the uterus? | Sustain the eveloping embryo/fetus
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| What are the 3 layers of the uterus? | Endometrium, myometrium, and perimetrium
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| What lining of the uterus is sloughed off during menstruation? | Endometrium
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| What is the purpose of the myometrium? | Expel the fetus during birth and to expel the endometrium during menstruation
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| When does ovulation occur? | Day 14
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| When is estrogen and progesterone concentration the highest? | Day 21
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| Where is estrogen and progesterone produced? | Corpus luteum
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| What effect does estrogen and progesterone have on FSH secretion? | Low volumes of estrogen and progesterone stimulates the secretion of FSH
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| What is the role of FSH? | Causes growth of follicle
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| How do hormonal contraceptives work | Produces high volumes of estrogen and progesterone so that the body won't produce FSH
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| What hormone is produced by the developing embryo to sustain the corpus luteum? | HCG
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| What is the functional unit of the lungs? | Alveoli
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| What are the alveoli made of? | Microscopic air sacs composed of a single layer of simple squamous epithelial cells surrounded by capillaries
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| How are oxygen and CO2 exchanged between blood and the alveoli? | Simple diffusion
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| What tubes carry air to the alveoli? | Bronchii
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| What is the trachea constructed of? | Rings of hyaline cartilage with a band of smooth muscles forming the posterior wall
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| What is the major stimulous for inhaling? | Elevated levels of carbon dioxide in blood
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| The diaphram relaxes and pushes up in inhalation or exhalation? | Exhalation
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| The diaphragm contracts and pulls down during inhalation or exhalation? | Inhalation
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| What is the purpose of the pleural membrane? | Causes expansion of the lungs which reduces the air pressure inside the lungs
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| What is the role of the glomerulus | Filters the blood
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| What is the role of the kidney tubules? | Function in reabsorption
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| What is the role of the collecting ducts | Delivers final urine products
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| How are water, glucose, amino acids and electrolytes reabsorbed from the kidney tubules into the peritubular capillaries | Active transport
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| What are the functions of the ureter? | Movement of urine into the bladder
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| What is the funtion of the bladder? | Store and release urine
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| What is the function of the urethra? | Movement of urine from the bladder out of the body
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| What moves urine through the ureters? | Paristaltic contractions
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| What type of tissue forms the lining of the bladder and ureters? | Transitional epithelium
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| What are normal components of urine? | 95% water, urea, uric acid, creatinine, electrolytes, hydrogen ions
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| What is the mechanism for the transportation of oxygen? | Hemoglobin
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| What is the mechanism for the transportation of carbon dioxide? | Bicarbonate ions
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| What do T cells and B cells respond to? | A specific antigen
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| What cells stimulate killer T cells and B cells? | Helper T cells
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| How is water reabsorbed from the kidney tubules into the peritubular capillaries? | osmosis
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| How is glucose and amino acids reabsorbed from the kidney tubules into the peritubular capillaries? | Active transport
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| How is electrolytes reabsorbed from the kidney tubules into the pertitubular capillaries | Facilitated diffusion
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