Chapter 5
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| Phospholipid Bilayer | The framework of the membrane
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| What is the phospholipid bilayer made up of? | The tail (hydrophobic) and head (hyrophillic)
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| Transmembrane proteins | Have one or more regions physically embedded in the hydrophoic region of the bilayer
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| Lipid-anchored protein | Involoves covalent attachment of a lipid to the amino acid side chain of a protein
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| Peripheral or Extrinsic Membrane Proteins | Noncovalently bound to regions of intergral membrane proteins that project out from the membrane, or they are bound to the polar head groups of phospholipids
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| What percent of genes encode membrane proteins? | 25%
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| Fluidity | Individual molecules remain in close association, yet have the ability to readily move within the membrane
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| Semifliud | Most lipids can rotate freely around their long axes and move laterally within the membrane leaflet
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| Flippase | requires ATP to transport lipids from one leaflet to another
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| What affects fluidity? | Length of fatty acyl tails and presence of double bonds in the acyl tails
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| What does cholesterol do to the phospholipids? | Tends to stabilize (insulate) membranes
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| Glycolipid | Carbohydrate to lipid
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| Glycoprotein | Carbohydrate to protein
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| Cell coat (aka glycocalyx) | carbohydrate-rich zone on the cell surface shielding cell from damage
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| Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) | Biological sample that is sectioned and stained with heavy-metal dyes
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| Freeze Fracture Electron Microscopy (FFEM) | Can be used to analyze the interiors of phospholipid bilayers; sample is frozen in liquid nitrogen and fractured with a knife
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| Glycosylation | Attachment of carbs to a lipid or protein
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| N-link | Attachment of carb 'tree' to nitrogen atom of asparagine side chain
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| O-linked | Occurs only in Golgi, addition of sugar strings to O2 atom in serine or threonine side chains
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| Membrane transport does what? | Ensures essential molecules enter a cell, metabolic intermediates remain, and waster products exit the cell
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| Passive Transport | Does not require an input of energy and molecules move down gradient with gradient
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| Passive Diffusion | Diffusion of a solute through a membrane without transport protein
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| Facilitated Diffusion | Diffusion of a solute through a membrane with the aid of transport protein
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| Active transport | Requires energy and moves molecules up the gradient
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| Phospholipid Bilayer Barrier | Barrier to hydrophillic molecules and ions due to hydrophobic interior
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| Homeostasis | Living cells maintain a relatively constant internal environment different from their external environment.
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| Transmembrane Gradient | Concentration of a solute is higher on one side of a membrane than on the other
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| Ion Electronchemical Gradient | Both electrical gradients and concentration gradients are present
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| Osmosis | Diffusion of water across a membrane from area with more water (less solute) to and area with less water(more solute)
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| Osmotic Pressure | The tendency for water to move into any cell
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| Crenation | Shrinking in a hypertonic solution (turning into a raisin)
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| Lyse | Too much water moves into a cell causing it to burst
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| Turgor Pressure | Water pressure inside plant cells that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall
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| Transport Proteins | Transmembrane proteins provide a passageway for the movement of ions and hydrophillic molecules across membranes
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| Channels | Form an open passageway for the direct diffusion of ions or molecules across the membrane
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| Aquaporins | Channels for water
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| Transporters | Aka Carrier proteins that perform a conformational (shape) change to transport solute
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| Uniporter | Single molecule or ion
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| Symporter/Contransporter | Two or more ions or molecules transported in the same direction
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| Antiporter | Two or more ions of molecules transported in opposite directions
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| Primary active transport | Uses a pump and directly uses energy (ATP) to transport solute
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| Secondary Active Transport | Use a pre-existing concentration gradient to drive transport of solute
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| Exosytosis | Material inside the cell is packaged into vesicles and excreted into the extracellular medium
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| Endocytosis | Plasma membrane folds inward to form a vesicle that brings substances into the cell
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| Receptor-mediated endocytosis | Entry of large particles that requires recognition by a cell membran receptor
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| Pinocytosis | Cell drinking
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| Phagocytosis | Cell eating
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