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Cell Structure
Chapter 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Phospholipid Bilayer | The framework of the membrane |
| What is the phospholipid bilayer made up of? | The tail (hydrophobic) and head (hyrophillic) |
| Transmembrane proteins | Have one or more regions physically embedded in the hydrophoic region of the bilayer |
| Lipid-anchored protein | Involoves covalent attachment of a lipid to the amino acid side chain of a protein |
| Peripheral or Extrinsic Membrane Proteins | Noncovalently bound to regions of intergral membrane proteins that project out from the membrane, or they are bound to the polar head groups of phospholipids |
| What percent of genes encode membrane proteins? | 25% |
| Fluidity | Individual molecules remain in close association, yet have the ability to readily move within the membrane |
| Semifliud | Most lipids can rotate freely around their long axes and move laterally within the membrane leaflet |
| Flippase | requires ATP to transport lipids from one leaflet to another |
| What affects fluidity? | Length of fatty acyl tails and presence of double bonds in the acyl tails |
| What does cholesterol do to the phospholipids? | Tends to stabilize (insulate) membranes |
| Glycolipid | Carbohydrate to lipid |
| Glycoprotein | Carbohydrate to protein |
| Cell coat (aka glycocalyx) | carbohydrate-rich zone on the cell surface shielding cell from damage |
| Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) | Biological sample that is sectioned and stained with heavy-metal dyes |
| Freeze Fracture Electron Microscopy (FFEM) | Can be used to analyze the interiors of phospholipid bilayers; sample is frozen in liquid nitrogen and fractured with a knife |
| Glycosylation | Attachment of carbs to a lipid or protein |
| N-link | Attachment of carb 'tree' to nitrogen atom of asparagine side chain |
| O-linked | Occurs only in Golgi, addition of sugar strings to O2 atom in serine or threonine side chains |
| Membrane transport does what? | Ensures essential molecules enter a cell, metabolic intermediates remain, and waster products exit the cell |
| Passive Transport | Does not require an input of energy and molecules move down gradient with gradient |
| Passive Diffusion | Diffusion of a solute through a membrane without transport protein |
| Facilitated Diffusion | Diffusion of a solute through a membrane with the aid of transport protein |
| Active transport | Requires energy and moves molecules up the gradient |
| Phospholipid Bilayer Barrier | Barrier to hydrophillic molecules and ions due to hydrophobic interior |
| Homeostasis | Living cells maintain a relatively constant internal environment different from their external environment. |
| Transmembrane Gradient | Concentration of a solute is higher on one side of a membrane than on the other |
| Ion Electronchemical Gradient | Both electrical gradients and concentration gradients are present |
| Osmosis | Diffusion of water across a membrane from area with more water (less solute) to and area with less water(more solute) |
| Osmotic Pressure | The tendency for water to move into any cell |
| Crenation | Shrinking in a hypertonic solution (turning into a raisin) |
| Lyse | Too much water moves into a cell causing it to burst |
| Turgor Pressure | Water pressure inside plant cells that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall |
| Transport Proteins | Transmembrane proteins provide a passageway for the movement of ions and hydrophillic molecules across membranes |
| Channels | Form an open passageway for the direct diffusion of ions or molecules across the membrane |
| Aquaporins | Channels for water |
| Transporters | Aka Carrier proteins that perform a conformational (shape) change to transport solute |
| Uniporter | Single molecule or ion |
| Symporter/Contransporter | Two or more ions or molecules transported in the same direction |
| Antiporter | Two or more ions of molecules transported in opposite directions |
| Primary active transport | Uses a pump and directly uses energy (ATP) to transport solute |
| Secondary Active Transport | Use a pre-existing concentration gradient to drive transport of solute |
| Exosytosis | Material inside the cell is packaged into vesicles and excreted into the extracellular medium |
| Endocytosis | Plasma membrane folds inward to form a vesicle that brings substances into the cell |
| Receptor-mediated endocytosis | Entry of large particles that requires recognition by a cell membran receptor |
| Pinocytosis | Cell drinking |
| Phagocytosis | Cell eating |
Created by:
ERD2015
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