Enzymes
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each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Prosthetic Group | Permanently attached to the enzyme
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| Cofactor | Inorganic ion that temporarily bind
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| Co-Enzyme | Organic molecule that participates in reaction but left unchanged afterwards
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| Catabolic Metabolism | Breakdown and produce heat
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| Anabolic Metabolism | Promote synthesis and are endergonic; when bonds are broken energy is released
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| Two types of ATP | Substrate level phosphate and chemiosmosis
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| Substrate level phosphate | Enzymes directly transfers phosphates from one molecule to another
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| Chemiosmosis | Energy stored in an electrochemical gradient is used to make ATP from ADP and P1
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| Oxidation | Removal of electrons
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| Reduction | Addition of electrons
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| Redox Reaction | Electron removed from one molecule and added to another
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| Gene Regulation | Genes are turned on and off
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| Cellular Regulation | Deteremined by cell signaling pathways like horomones
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| Biochemical Regulation | Breakdown surplus
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| Exonucleases | Enzymes that cleave off nucleotide from end of an RNA molecule
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| Exosome | Multiprotein
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| How many ATP is yielded from glysolysis and Krebs cycle? | Two
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| Anaerobic Metabolism | For environments that lack oxygen or during oxygen deficits
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| What are the two anaerobic stages? | Uses substance other than oxygen as a final electron transport chain
Produce ATP only via substrate-level phosphorylation
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| Primary Metabolism | Involves reactions that are essential for all structure and function
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| Secondary Metabolism | Synthesis of secondary metabolic that aren't necessary for cell structure
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| Phenolics | antioxidants with intense flavors and smells used to protect against UV, promote pollenation, and strengthens cell walls
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| Alkaloids | Caffine, nicotine, morphine; bitter tasting, basic pH
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| Terpenoids | Cinnamon, mint; intense smells and colors
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| Polyketides | Antibiotics
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| Types of Processes in a Reaction | Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain
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| Cyanide | Halts cellular respiration by inhibiting the cytochrome c
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| How many ATP molecules are in a glucose molecule | 30-34
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| ATP Synthase | Enzyme harnesses energy as hydrogen protons flow through ATP synthase
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| Metabolism | All of the chemical reactions that take place within an organism
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| Energy | Ability to promote change or do work
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| Kinetic Energy | Associated with movement
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| Potential Energy | Due to structure or location
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| Chemical energy | Energy in molecular bonds
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| First Law of Thermodynamics | Energy cannot be created or destroyed; Law of Conservation of Energy; can be transformed from one type to another
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| Second Law of Thermodynamics | Transfer or transformation of energy from one form to another increases entropy or degree of disorder of a system
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| Total Energy | Usuable energy+ unusable energy
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| The more entropy something has..... | The more disordered it is
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| Entropy | A measure of the disorder that cannot be harnessed to do work
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| Exergonic | Released energy
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| Endergonic | Requires energy (energy taken in)
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| Catalyst | Agent that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed during the reaction
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| Enzymes | Protein catalyst in living cells
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| Ribozymes | RNA molecules with catalytic properties
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| Activation Energy | Initial input of energy needed to start a reaction
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| How do you overcome activation energy? | Large amounts of heat or using enzymes to lower activation energy
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| How can you lower activation energy? | Strain bonds in reactants to make it easier to achieve transition state, position reactants together to facilitate bonding, or change the environment
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| Active Site | Location where reaction takes place
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| Substrate | Reactants that bind to active site
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| Enzyme-substrate complex | formed when enzyme and substrate bind
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