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Chapter 6
Enzymes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Prosthetic Group | Permanently attached to the enzyme |
| Cofactor | Inorganic ion that temporarily bind |
| Co-Enzyme | Organic molecule that participates in reaction but left unchanged afterwards |
| Catabolic Metabolism | Breakdown and produce heat |
| Anabolic Metabolism | Promote synthesis and are endergonic; when bonds are broken energy is released |
| Two types of ATP | Substrate level phosphate and chemiosmosis |
| Substrate level phosphate | Enzymes directly transfers phosphates from one molecule to another |
| Chemiosmosis | Energy stored in an electrochemical gradient is used to make ATP from ADP and P1 |
| Oxidation | Removal of electrons |
| Reduction | Addition of electrons |
| Redox Reaction | Electron removed from one molecule and added to another |
| Gene Regulation | Genes are turned on and off |
| Cellular Regulation | Deteremined by cell signaling pathways like horomones |
| Biochemical Regulation | Breakdown surplus |
| Exonucleases | Enzymes that cleave off nucleotide from end of an RNA molecule |
| Exosome | Multiprotein |
| How many ATP is yielded from glysolysis and Krebs cycle? | Two |
| Anaerobic Metabolism | For environments that lack oxygen or during oxygen deficits |
| What are the two anaerobic stages? | Uses substance other than oxygen as a final electron transport chain Produce ATP only via substrate-level phosphorylation |
| Primary Metabolism | Involves reactions that are essential for all structure and function |
| Secondary Metabolism | Synthesis of secondary metabolic that aren't necessary for cell structure |
| Phenolics | antioxidants with intense flavors and smells used to protect against UV, promote pollenation, and strengthens cell walls |
| Alkaloids | Caffine, nicotine, morphine; bitter tasting, basic pH |
| Terpenoids | Cinnamon, mint; intense smells and colors |
| Polyketides | Antibiotics |
| Types of Processes in a Reaction | Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain |
| Cyanide | Halts cellular respiration by inhibiting the cytochrome c |
| How many ATP molecules are in a glucose molecule | 30-34 |
| ATP Synthase | Enzyme harnesses energy as hydrogen protons flow through ATP synthase |
| Metabolism | All of the chemical reactions that take place within an organism |
| Energy | Ability to promote change or do work |
| Kinetic Energy | Associated with movement |
| Potential Energy | Due to structure or location |
| Chemical energy | Energy in molecular bonds |
| First Law of Thermodynamics | Energy cannot be created or destroyed; Law of Conservation of Energy; can be transformed from one type to another |
| Second Law of Thermodynamics | Transfer or transformation of energy from one form to another increases entropy or degree of disorder of a system |
| Total Energy | Usuable energy+ unusable energy |
| The more entropy something has..... | The more disordered it is |
| Entropy | A measure of the disorder that cannot be harnessed to do work |
| Exergonic | Released energy |
| Endergonic | Requires energy (energy taken in) |
| Catalyst | Agent that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed during the reaction |
| Enzymes | Protein catalyst in living cells |
| Ribozymes | RNA molecules with catalytic properties |
| Activation Energy | Initial input of energy needed to start a reaction |
| How do you overcome activation energy? | Large amounts of heat or using enzymes to lower activation energy |
| How can you lower activation energy? | Strain bonds in reactants to make it easier to achieve transition state, position reactants together to facilitate bonding, or change the environment |
| Active Site | Location where reaction takes place |
| Substrate | Reactants that bind to active site |
| Enzyme-substrate complex | formed when enzyme and substrate bind |
Created by:
ERD2015