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Chapter 6
Enzymes
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Prosthetic Group | Permanently attached to the enzyme |
Cofactor | Inorganic ion that temporarily bind |
Co-Enzyme | Organic molecule that participates in reaction but left unchanged afterwards |
Catabolic Metabolism | Breakdown and produce heat |
Anabolic Metabolism | Promote synthesis and are endergonic; when bonds are broken energy is released |
Two types of ATP | Substrate level phosphate and chemiosmosis |
Substrate level phosphate | Enzymes directly transfers phosphates from one molecule to another |
Chemiosmosis | Energy stored in an electrochemical gradient is used to make ATP from ADP and P1 |
Oxidation | Removal of electrons |
Reduction | Addition of electrons |
Redox Reaction | Electron removed from one molecule and added to another |
Gene Regulation | Genes are turned on and off |
Cellular Regulation | Deteremined by cell signaling pathways like horomones |
Biochemical Regulation | Breakdown surplus |
Exonucleases | Enzymes that cleave off nucleotide from end of an RNA molecule |
Exosome | Multiprotein |
How many ATP is yielded from glysolysis and Krebs cycle? | Two |
Anaerobic Metabolism | For environments that lack oxygen or during oxygen deficits |
What are the two anaerobic stages? | Uses substance other than oxygen as a final electron transport chain Produce ATP only via substrate-level phosphorylation |
Primary Metabolism | Involves reactions that are essential for all structure and function |
Secondary Metabolism | Synthesis of secondary metabolic that aren't necessary for cell structure |
Phenolics | antioxidants with intense flavors and smells used to protect against UV, promote pollenation, and strengthens cell walls |
Alkaloids | Caffine, nicotine, morphine; bitter tasting, basic pH |
Terpenoids | Cinnamon, mint; intense smells and colors |
Polyketides | Antibiotics |
Types of Processes in a Reaction | Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain |
Cyanide | Halts cellular respiration by inhibiting the cytochrome c |
How many ATP molecules are in a glucose molecule | 30-34 |
ATP Synthase | Enzyme harnesses energy as hydrogen protons flow through ATP synthase |
Metabolism | All of the chemical reactions that take place within an organism |
Energy | Ability to promote change or do work |
Kinetic Energy | Associated with movement |
Potential Energy | Due to structure or location |
Chemical energy | Energy in molecular bonds |
First Law of Thermodynamics | Energy cannot be created or destroyed; Law of Conservation of Energy; can be transformed from one type to another |
Second Law of Thermodynamics | Transfer or transformation of energy from one form to another increases entropy or degree of disorder of a system |
Total Energy | Usuable energy+ unusable energy |
The more entropy something has..... | The more disordered it is |
Entropy | A measure of the disorder that cannot be harnessed to do work |
Exergonic | Released energy |
Endergonic | Requires energy (energy taken in) |
Catalyst | Agent that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed during the reaction |
Enzymes | Protein catalyst in living cells |
Ribozymes | RNA molecules with catalytic properties |
Activation Energy | Initial input of energy needed to start a reaction |
How do you overcome activation energy? | Large amounts of heat or using enzymes to lower activation energy |
How can you lower activation energy? | Strain bonds in reactants to make it easier to achieve transition state, position reactants together to facilitate bonding, or change the environment |
Active Site | Location where reaction takes place |
Substrate | Reactants that bind to active site |
Enzyme-substrate complex | formed when enzyme and substrate bind |