Nursing-Muscular
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| Muscle has four major functional characteristics: | contractability, excitability, extensibility, and elasticity.
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| Contractability is - | the capacity of muscle to contract or shorten forcefully
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| Excitability is - | respond to stimuli
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| Extensibility is - | stretching
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| Elasticity is - | returning to its original shape
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| When does lactic acid build up in our body? | Due to lack of excercise
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| skeletal muscle | "voluntary muscle" generally attached to bone
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| striated muscles | "striped" skeletal muscle
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| smooth muscle | "involuntary muscle" functions automatically
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| visceral muscle | smooth muscle generally found in the walls of the viscera; functions automatically
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| non-striated muscle | smooth muscle that does not appear striped
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| smooth muscle tone | a state of continuous partial contraction of smooth muscle
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| cardiac muscle | found only in the heart, where it functions to pump blood throughout the body
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| intercalated discs | junctions where cardiac muscle cells fit together tightly; Rings that provide a strong connection between cardiac muscle cells, to prevent tears and leaks in the heart.
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| belly | the enlarged fleshy body of the muscle between the slender points of attachment; composed of thousands of muscle fibers (muscle cells)
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| fascia | layers of tough connective tissue that surrounds large skeletal muscle
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| epimysium | the outer layer of fascia; Connective tissue layer surrounding an individual muscle
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| perimysium | a layer of connective tissue that surrounds smaller bundles of muscle fibers
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| fascicles | bundles of muscle fibers
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| endomysium | A layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers
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| tendon | a line cordlike structure that connects muscle to bone
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| compartment syndrome | "crush syndrome"; when the muscle and nerves are deprived of oxygen and nourishment and begin to die
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| aponeurosis | a flat sheet-like fascia that connects muscle to muscle or muscle to bone
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| sarcolemma | a cell membrane that surrounds the nucleus of a muscle cell
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| transverse tubules | "T tubules"; Deep infoldings in the sarcolemma that help propagate a muscle impulse
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| sarcoplasmic reticulum | a specialized endoplasmic reticulum within the muscle fiber
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| myofibrils | long cylindrical structures that each muscle is composed of
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| sarcomeres | a series of contractile units that each myofibril is made up of
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| thin and thick filaments | a unique arrangement of contractile proteins
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| thin filament | a unique arrangement of contractile proteins; composed of actin and the troponin-tropomyosin complex
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| actin | a protein of a thin filament; contains binding sites for the myosin
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| myosin | A type of protein filament that interacts with actin filaments to cause cell contraction; makes up nearly half of the proteins in muscle cells.
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| troponin-tropomyosin complex | regulates contraction function of actin and myosin
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| myosin heads | extends from the thick myosin filaments; are along the entire length of the filament in smooth muscle
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| cross-bridges | temporary connections formed when the myosin heads make contact with the myosin-binding sites on the actin
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| somatic motor nerve | the type of nerve that supplies the skeletal muscle
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| motor neurons | a motor nerve composed of many nerve cells
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| motor unit | consists of a single motor neuron and the muscle fibers that are supplied by the motor neuron
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| recruitment | the consequences of activation of additional motor units
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| neuromuscular junction | "NMJ"; the area where the motor neuron meets the muscle
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| neurotransmitter | a chemical substance that fills membranous pouches
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| acetylcholine |
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| acetylcholinesterase | aka "cholinesterase"; an enzyme that is found within the NMJ, near the muscle membrane
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| tetanus | "lockjaw"; sustained muscle contraction; a condition caused when the bacterium (Clostridium tetani) secretes a neurotoxin that causes excessive firing of the motor nerves. This causes excessive release of ACh,
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| botulism | a very serious form of food poisoning; a disease caused by secretion of the bacterium (Clostridium botulinum) which appears most often when food has been improperly processed and canned.
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| spastic paralysis | caused by an excess of ACh activity; a state of continuous muscle contraction
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| flaccid paralysis | caused by a deficiency of ACh activity; a state in which the muscles are limp and unable to contract
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| twitch | when a single electrical stimulus is delivered to a muscle fiber; the muscle fiber contracts and then fully relaxes
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| tonus | muscle tone; refers to a normal continuous state of partial muscle contraction
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| creatine phosphate | a storage form of energy that can be used to replenish ATP quickly during muscle contraction
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| muscle fatigue | the inability of a muscle to contract forcefully following prolonged activity.
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| origin | attaches muscle to the stationary bone
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| insertion | attaches muscle to the more movable bone
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| prime mover | "chief muscle"
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| synergists | "helper muscles"; work with other muscles
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| antagonists | muscles that oppose the action of another muscle
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| hypertrophy | the response to overuse of a muscle
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| atrophy | when prolonged inactivity results in the muscles getting smaller in size
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| contracture | "frozen muscle" a abnormal formation of fibrous tissue within the muscle; freezes the muscle in a flexed position and severely restricts joint mobility
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