Nursing-Renal
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| The outermost covering of the kidney is the _____ | capsule
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| The entrance into the kidney is called the _____. | hilum
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| What is the basic functional unit of the kidney? | nephron
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| The mucosa of the bladder is comprised of _____. | transitional epithelium
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| external sphincter is under | voluntary control
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| What causes urine to flow from the kidneys to the bladder? | peristalsis
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| Vigorous exercise could release high amounts of _____ into the urine. | albumin
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| Which of these could appear in the urine from dieting or the utilization of excess lipids? | ketone
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| Which of these could appear in the urine from dieting or the utilization of excess lipids? | urea
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| The action of aldosterone is to increase _____. | sodium reabsorption
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| Which of the following occurred by active transport? | reabsorption of amino acids
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| The targets of angiotensin II are blood vessels and _____. | adrenal cortex
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| Renin acts on _____ to convert it to angiotensin I. | angiotensinogen
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| How much urine is formed in 24 hours? | 1.5l
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| Which of the following is usually not found in the urine? | glucose
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| Which ion is reabsorbed in exchange for sodium? | potassium
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| Which muscle metabolism waste product is eliminated by the kidneys? | creatinine
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| The last part of a nephron is the _____. | collecting duct
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| Which section of the nephron follows the ascending limb of the loop of Henle? | distal convoluted tubule
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| The renal corpuscle is comprised of a glomerulus and _____. | Bowman's capsule
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| How much of the cardiac output passes through the kidneys? | 25%
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| What is the function of the renal system? | A) maintain blood pH
B) regulate blood pressure
C) control blood concentration
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| The kidney secretes _____ which is an enzyme-hormone which raises blood pressure. | Renin
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| What determines the membrane permeability of the collecting duct to water | – antidiuretic hormone (ADH),
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| mineralocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex | – aldosterone,
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| stimulates the distal tube to reabsorb sodium and excrete potassium | – aldosterone,
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| secreted by the juxtaglomerular apparatus cells; activates angiotensinogen | – renin,
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| secreted by the walls of the heart; causes the renal excretion of sodium and water | – brain natruretic peptide (BNP)
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| What subsctance is not eliminated through the kidneys and Urinary System? | CO2
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| Renin: | is a blood pressure regulating substance
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| Micturation | refers to urination
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| Which of the following is least true of Aldosterone? | determines the membrane permeability of the collecting duct to water
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| ADH | determines the membrane permeability of the collecting duct to water
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| A drug that blocks the renal reabsorption of Sodium causes | diuresis
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| Why is glucose normally not excreted in the urine? | all filtered glucose is reabsorbed
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| Facts about urine: | Normal urine is sterile. It contains fluids, salts and waste products, but it is free of bacteria, viruses and fungi.
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| Parts of renal system | 2 kidneys * 2 urethers * Two sphincter muscles * Nerves in the bladder * Urethra
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| Functions of renal system | Regulation of water and inorganic ion balance * Removing metabolic waste form blood and excreting in urine * Removing foreign chemicals from blood *
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| Albuminuria | The abnormal presence of albumin protein in the urine
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| Erythropoietin | A substance released by the kidneys and liver that promotes red blood cell formation
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| Urology | The scientific, clinical, and especially surgical aspects of the study of the urine and the genitourinary tract in health and disease
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| Cystitis | Infection of the urinary bladder
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| Creatine | Nitrogenous waste from muscle metabolism that is excreted in urine
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| Epididymis | A long, coiled tube that rests on top and lateral side of each testes
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| BPH | A condition in which the signs and symptoms include urinary urgency and frequency, difficulty starting urination, hematuria and repeated urinary tract infections (UTI's)
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| Cryptorchidism | Undescended testicles
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| Enuresis | Bed wetting
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| Renal calculi | Kidney stones
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| Three processes of urine formation | Glomerular formation- Occurs in glomerulus *
Tubular reabsorption and secretion- reabsorption occurs in PCT/ secretion occurs in DCT *
Water conservation- occurs in collecting duct (CD)
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| List the signs and symptoms of a urinary tract infection (UTI) | Overwhelming urge to urinate (urgency) *
Burning of urination (Dysuria )*
Urgency with frequent, small amount of urine *
Blood in the urine (hemoturia) or cloudy, dark, foul smelling urine *
Frequent urination at night (nocturia)
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| Aldosterone | Steroid secreted by the adrenal cortex; stimulates the kidney to reabsorb Na and H2O and to excrete K.
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| Angiotensin 2 | Elevates B/P and stimulates the secretion of testosterone by the adrenal cortex
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| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | Posterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the collecting duct in the kidney to absorb H2O thereby decreasing urinary output; also called vasopressin
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| Collecting ducts | Nephron structure that receives urine from the distal tubule and delivers it to the renal pelvis
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| Creatinine | Nitrogeneous waste product that is excreted by the kidneys
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| Detrusor muscle | Smooth muscle located in the urinary bladder
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| Dialysis | Passive transport process that allows small particles to diffuse through a semipermeable membrane
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| Diuresis | Increase excretion of urine
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| Glomerulus | Tuft of capillaries located in the Bowmans capsule of the nephron unit of the kidney
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| Juxtaglomerular apparatus | Specialized structure in the kidney formed by the distal convoluted tubule and the afferent arterioles; the resin- secreting cells
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| Kidney | Organ of the urinary system that produces urine; contains the nephron units
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| Loop of Henle | Hairpin- looped tubular structure of the nephron unit that receives urine from the proximal tubule and delivers it to the distal tubule
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| Micturition | Urination
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| Natriuresis | Excretion of Na into the urine
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| Natriuretic peptides | Protein hormones that promote the excretion of Na into the urine; include atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide
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| Nephron unit | Structural and functional unit of the kidney that makes urine
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| Peritubular capillaries | Capillaries that surround the tubular structure of the nephron unit; print concerned with reabsorption and secretion in the formation of urine.
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| Renal artery | Artery that delivers oxygenated blood to the kidney
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| Renal tubules | Tubular part of nephron unit that helps make and transport urine; consists of the Bowmans capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting ducts
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| Renal vein | The vein that carries unoxygenated blood from the kidney to the inferior vena cava
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| Renin | Enzymes secreted by the kidney that activates angiotensinogen
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| Specific gravity | When referring to urine, density of urine compared with density of an equal volume of H2O
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| Ureter | Tube that conducts urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder
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| Urethra | Tube that conducts urine from the bladder to the exterior of the body
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| Urinary bladder | Hollow pelvic organ that receives urine from the kidneys and stores it until it can be expelled.
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| Urinary specific gravity | Density of urine as compared to water; the greater the solute in urine, the higher is it's specific gravity
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| Urine | Product of nephron unit function of the kidneys; composed mostly of H2O, waste, and ions.
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| 4 organs of excertion | Kidneys, skin, lungs, intestines
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| Major organs of the urinary system | Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra
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| Location of urinary system | Posterior wall of the abdominal cavity , behind the peritoneum (retroperitoneal)
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| Structure of the kidneys | Reddish-brown, bean like structure enclosed in a tough fibrous capsule. 4" long, 2" wide and 1" thick.
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| Hilus | Indentation of the kidney. Point at which blood vessels, ureter, and nerves enter and exit the kidney.
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| Function of the kidneys | Excrete nitrogeneous waste, regulate blood volume, regulate electrolyte concentration, regulate pH and b/p, and stimulate RBC production
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| Nephron unit | Functional urine making unit of the kidney composed of tubular structures and vascular formation
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| Glomerular filtration | Filters 180L of filtrate in 24hrs
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| Tubular reabsorption | Causes reabsorption of 178.5 L of filtrate. Either is completely or incompletely reabsorbed actively or passively.
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| Tubular secretion | Small amount of special substances from the peritubular capillaries into the tubules
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| Aldosterone | Stimulates the distal tubule and upper collecting duct to reabsorb Na and H2O and to excrete K. *****
Secretion is regulated primarily by the resin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
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| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | Stimulates the collecting duct to reabsorb H2O and releases from the posterior pituitary gland in response to low blood volume and increased concentration of solute in the plasma
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| Natruiretic peptides (ANP, BNP) | Inhibit the reabsorption of Na and H2O, thereby causing antithesis and the excretion of H2O
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| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) | Stimulates the renal reabsorption of calcium and the excretion of phosphate.
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| Normal constituents of urine | Amount- average 1500mL/day **
pH- avg 6 range 4.6-8 **
Specific gravity- 1.001-1.035 **
Color- yellow (Amber, straw-colored, deep yellow in dehydration, pale yellow w/ overhydration)
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| ureters | 2 long slender tubes that carry urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder
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| Urinary bladder | Temporary reservoir holds urine
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| Urethra | Tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body
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