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Nursing-Renal
| The outermost covering of the kidney is the _____ | capsule |
| The entrance into the kidney is called the _____. | hilum |
| What is the basic functional unit of the kidney? | nephron |
| The mucosa of the bladder is comprised of _____. | transitional epithelium |
| external sphincter is under | voluntary control |
| What causes urine to flow from the kidneys to the bladder? | peristalsis |
| Vigorous exercise could release high amounts of _____ into the urine. | albumin |
| Which of these could appear in the urine from dieting or the utilization of excess lipids? | ketone |
| Which of these could appear in the urine from dieting or the utilization of excess lipids? | urea |
| The action of aldosterone is to increase _____. | sodium reabsorption |
| Which of the following occurred by active transport? | reabsorption of amino acids |
| The targets of angiotensin II are blood vessels and _____. | adrenal cortex |
| Renin acts on _____ to convert it to angiotensin I. | angiotensinogen |
| How much urine is formed in 24 hours? | 1.5l |
| Which of the following is usually not found in the urine? | glucose |
| Which ion is reabsorbed in exchange for sodium? | potassium |
| Which muscle metabolism waste product is eliminated by the kidneys? | creatinine |
| The last part of a nephron is the _____. | collecting duct |
| Which section of the nephron follows the ascending limb of the loop of Henle? | distal convoluted tubule |
| The renal corpuscle is comprised of a glomerulus and _____. | Bowman's capsule |
| How much of the cardiac output passes through the kidneys? | 25% |
| What is the function of the renal system? | A) maintain blood pH B) regulate blood pressure C) control blood concentration |
| The kidney secretes _____ which is an enzyme-hormone which raises blood pressure. | Renin |
| What determines the membrane permeability of the collecting duct to water | – antidiuretic hormone (ADH), |
| mineralocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex | – aldosterone, |
| stimulates the distal tube to reabsorb sodium and excrete potassium | – aldosterone, |
| secreted by the juxtaglomerular apparatus cells; activates angiotensinogen | – renin, |
| secreted by the walls of the heart; causes the renal excretion of sodium and water | – brain natruretic peptide (BNP) |
| What subsctance is not eliminated through the kidneys and Urinary System? | CO2 |
| Renin: | is a blood pressure regulating substance |
| Micturation | refers to urination |
| Which of the following is least true of Aldosterone? | determines the membrane permeability of the collecting duct to water |
| ADH | determines the membrane permeability of the collecting duct to water |
| A drug that blocks the renal reabsorption of Sodium causes | diuresis |
| Why is glucose normally not excreted in the urine? | all filtered glucose is reabsorbed |
| Facts about urine: | Normal urine is sterile. It contains fluids, salts and waste products, but it is free of bacteria, viruses and fungi. |
| Parts of renal system | 2 kidneys * 2 urethers * Two sphincter muscles * Nerves in the bladder * Urethra |
| Functions of renal system | Regulation of water and inorganic ion balance * Removing metabolic waste form blood and excreting in urine * Removing foreign chemicals from blood * |
| Albuminuria | The abnormal presence of albumin protein in the urine |
| Erythropoietin | A substance released by the kidneys and liver that promotes red blood cell formation |
| Urology | The scientific, clinical, and especially surgical aspects of the study of the urine and the genitourinary tract in health and disease |
| Cystitis | Infection of the urinary bladder |
| Creatine | Nitrogenous waste from muscle metabolism that is excreted in urine |
| Epididymis | A long, coiled tube that rests on top and lateral side of each testes |
| BPH | A condition in which the signs and symptoms include urinary urgency and frequency, difficulty starting urination, hematuria and repeated urinary tract infections (UTI's) |
| Cryptorchidism | Undescended testicles |
| Enuresis | Bed wetting |
| Renal calculi | Kidney stones |
| Three processes of urine formation | Glomerular formation- Occurs in glomerulus * Tubular reabsorption and secretion- reabsorption occurs in PCT/ secretion occurs in DCT * Water conservation- occurs in collecting duct (CD) |
| List the signs and symptoms of a urinary tract infection (UTI) | Overwhelming urge to urinate (urgency) * Burning of urination (Dysuria )* Urgency with frequent, small amount of urine * Blood in the urine (hemoturia) or cloudy, dark, foul smelling urine * Frequent urination at night (nocturia) |
| Aldosterone | Steroid secreted by the adrenal cortex; stimulates the kidney to reabsorb Na and H2O and to excrete K. |
| Angiotensin 2 | Elevates B/P and stimulates the secretion of testosterone by the adrenal cortex |
| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | Posterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the collecting duct in the kidney to absorb H2O thereby decreasing urinary output; also called vasopressin |
| Collecting ducts | Nephron structure that receives urine from the distal tubule and delivers it to the renal pelvis |
| Creatinine | Nitrogeneous waste product that is excreted by the kidneys |
| Detrusor muscle | Smooth muscle located in the urinary bladder |
| Dialysis | Passive transport process that allows small particles to diffuse through a semipermeable membrane |
| Diuresis | Increase excretion of urine |
| Glomerulus | Tuft of capillaries located in the Bowmans capsule of the nephron unit of the kidney |
| Juxtaglomerular apparatus | Specialized structure in the kidney formed by the distal convoluted tubule and the afferent arterioles; the resin- secreting cells |
| Kidney | Organ of the urinary system that produces urine; contains the nephron units |
| Loop of Henle | Hairpin- looped tubular structure of the nephron unit that receives urine from the proximal tubule and delivers it to the distal tubule |
| Micturition | Urination |
| Natriuresis | Excretion of Na into the urine |
| Natriuretic peptides | Protein hormones that promote the excretion of Na into the urine; include atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide |
| Nephron unit | Structural and functional unit of the kidney that makes urine |
| Peritubular capillaries | Capillaries that surround the tubular structure of the nephron unit; print concerned with reabsorption and secretion in the formation of urine. |
| Renal artery | Artery that delivers oxygenated blood to the kidney |
| Renal tubules | Tubular part of nephron unit that helps make and transport urine; consists of the Bowmans capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting ducts |
| Renal vein | The vein that carries unoxygenated blood from the kidney to the inferior vena cava |
| Renin | Enzymes secreted by the kidney that activates angiotensinogen |
| Specific gravity | When referring to urine, density of urine compared with density of an equal volume of H2O |
| Ureter | Tube that conducts urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder |
| Urethra | Tube that conducts urine from the bladder to the exterior of the body |
| Urinary bladder | Hollow pelvic organ that receives urine from the kidneys and stores it until it can be expelled. |
| Urinary specific gravity | Density of urine as compared to water; the greater the solute in urine, the higher is it's specific gravity |
| Urine | Product of nephron unit function of the kidneys; composed mostly of H2O, waste, and ions. |
| 4 organs of excertion | Kidneys, skin, lungs, intestines |
| Major organs of the urinary system | Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra |
| Location of urinary system | Posterior wall of the abdominal cavity , behind the peritoneum (retroperitoneal) |
| Structure of the kidneys | Reddish-brown, bean like structure enclosed in a tough fibrous capsule. 4" long, 2" wide and 1" thick. |
| Hilus | Indentation of the kidney. Point at which blood vessels, ureter, and nerves enter and exit the kidney. |
| Function of the kidneys | Excrete nitrogeneous waste, regulate blood volume, regulate electrolyte concentration, regulate pH and b/p, and stimulate RBC production |
| Nephron unit | Functional urine making unit of the kidney composed of tubular structures and vascular formation |
| Glomerular filtration | Filters 180L of filtrate in 24hrs |
| Tubular reabsorption | Causes reabsorption of 178.5 L of filtrate. Either is completely or incompletely reabsorbed actively or passively. |
| Tubular secretion | Small amount of special substances from the peritubular capillaries into the tubules |
| Aldosterone | Stimulates the distal tubule and upper collecting duct to reabsorb Na and H2O and to excrete K. ***** Secretion is regulated primarily by the resin-angiotensin-aldosterone system |
| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | Stimulates the collecting duct to reabsorb H2O and releases from the posterior pituitary gland in response to low blood volume and increased concentration of solute in the plasma |
| Natruiretic peptides (ANP, BNP) | Inhibit the reabsorption of Na and H2O, thereby causing antithesis and the excretion of H2O |
| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) | Stimulates the renal reabsorption of calcium and the excretion of phosphate. |
| Normal constituents of urine | Amount- average 1500mL/day ** pH- avg 6 range 4.6-8 ** Specific gravity- 1.001-1.035 ** Color- yellow (Amber, straw-colored, deep yellow in dehydration, pale yellow w/ overhydration) |
| ureters | 2 long slender tubes that carry urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder |
| Urinary bladder | Temporary reservoir holds urine |
| Urethra | Tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body |
Created by:
Abraham321
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