Nursing-Endocrine
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| Glands are small organs located throughout your body that secrete (that means release) substances called | Hormones
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| Where are the major endocrine glands located? | brain, neck, abdomen, and groin
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| This gland is sometimes called the master gland, though it is only about the size of a pea | Pituitary
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| What is your largest endocrine gland? Hint: It’s found in your belly! | Pancreas
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| What is a common problem with the endocrine system? | Diabetes
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| What hormone does the pancreas make? | Insulin
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| Where can you find the pituitary gland? | At the base of your brain
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| Which gland makes hormones that help you grow and stay full of energy? | Thyroid
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| A group of cells that gives off or secretes chemicals | Gland
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| This links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland. | Hypothalamus
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| The master gland that controls many bodily functions. | Pituitary
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| This controls how quickly the body uses energy, makes proteins and controls how sensitive the body should be to other hormones. | Thyroid
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| Bodily chemical messengers that send messages from one set of cells to another, affecting changes. | Hormones
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| These glands control the amount of calcium in the blood and bones. | Parathyroid
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| These release hormones in conjunction with stress. | Adrenal
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| This affects wake/sleep patterns and seasonal functions. | Pineal
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| Which hormone: Stimulates milk production | Lactogenic Hormone
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| After consuming a banana split, which hormones would be expected to increase? | Insulin
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| What is a specialist of the endocrine system called? | Endocrinologist
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| Which of the following has both endocrine and exocrine functions? | Pancreas
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| What is a hormone? | It is a chemical messenger that influences or controls the activities of other organs or tissues.
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| Shape of parathyroid glands | Butterfly shape
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| Islet of Langerhams | Pancreas
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| Shape and location of Pitutary gland | Pea shaped, base of the brain
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| Growth hormone | Somatotropin or somatotropic hormone
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| Function of Growth hormone | growth of bones, cartilage, and skeletal muscles and thereby effecting the size and height
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| Cortisol has an | anti-inflammatory effect
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| Location and shape of pancreas | Long slender organ that lies transversely across the abdomen, extending from the curve of the duodenum to the spleen
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| What are the hormones of the anterior pituitary gland? | Prolactin
TSH - thyroid-stimulating hormone
ACTH - adrenocorticotropic hormone
GH - growth hormone
Gonadotropins
FSH - follicle-stimulating hormone
LH - luteinizing hormone
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| Endocrine glands | Secrete the chemical substances called hormones. Ductless glands.
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| Hormone | A chemical messenger that influences or controls the activities of other tissues or organs. Play an important role in growth and reproduction and help regulate water and electrolyte balance.
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| Target tissue or organ | Each hormone binds to a specific tissue called this.
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| Endocrinology | The study of the endocrine system.
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| Specificity | The hormone-receptor relationship ensures ______________, meaning that there is a specific hormone for each receptor.
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| Second messenger | The interaction of the hormone with its receptor stimulates that production of a __________ _____________ such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP).
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| Negative feedback | A mechanism activated by an imbalance; activation of the mechanism then corrects the imbalance.
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| Biorhythms | A rhythmic alteration in a hormone's rate of secretion.
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| Circadian rhythm | A 24-hour rhythm; its pattern repeats every 24 hours.
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| Chronopharmacology | The branch of pharmacology that studies the effect of biorhythms on drug effects.
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| Psychoneuroendocrinology | The word used for the close relation of the functions of the nervous system and the endocrine system.
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| Pituitary gland | Also called the hypophysis; is a pea-sized gland located in a depression of the sphenoid bone. "Master gland".
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| Infundibulum | The short stalk that attaches the pituitary gland to the undersurface of the hypothalamus.
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| Releasing hormones | Stimulate the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones.
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| Release-inhibiting hormones | Inhibit the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones.
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| Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system | The network of capillaries that the hypothalamus secretes its hormones into. They connect the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary gland.
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| Anterior pituitary gland | Adenohypophysis; composed of epithelial tissue. Secretes six major hormones.
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| Growth hormone (GH) | Somatotropin or somatotropic hormone. **
Stimulates the growth of bone and soft tissue; stimulates the synthesis of glucose during periods of fasting.
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| Prolactin | Lactogenic hormone. Stimulates the breast to develop and produce milk.
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| Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) | Thyrotropin; stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones (T3 and T4).
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| Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) | Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete steroids; especially cortisol.
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| Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) | Stimulates the development of ova and sperm.
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| Luteinizing hormone (LH) | Causes ovulation in women; stimulates secretion of progesterone in women and testosterone in men.
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| What are the hormones of the posterior pituitary gland? | ADH - antidiuretic hormone **
Oxytocin
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| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | Stimulates water reabsorption by the kidneys; also constricts blood vessels.
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| Oxytocin | Contracts uterine muscle during labor; releases milk from the mammary glands (during breast-feeding).
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| What are the hormones of the thyroid and parathyroid glands? | T3 and T4 - thyroid hormones **
Calcitonin **
PTH - parathyroid hormone
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| Thyroid hormones (T3, T4) | Triiodothyronine (T3) and tetralodothyronine (T4, or thyroxine secreted by the thyroid gland; control metabolic rate and regulate growth and development.
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| Calcitonin | Secreted by the thyroid gland; decreases plasma levels of calcium.
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| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) | Secreted by the parathyroid glands; increases plasma calcium.
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| What are the hormones of the adrenal gland? | Catecholamines - epinephrine and norepinephrine **
Steroids - cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones
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| Catecholamines - epinephrine and norepinephrine | Stimulate the "fight or flight" response.
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| Cortisol | Glucocorticoid that helps regulate glucose, fat, and protein metabolism; is part of the stress response.
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| Aldosterone | Mineralcorticoid that causes the kidneys to reabsorb sodium and water and excrete potassium; helps regulate fluid and electrolyte balance.
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| Sex hormones | The androgens (especially testosterone) help develop the secondary sex characteristics in the female and male.
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| What are the hormones of the pancreas? | Insulin **
Glucagon
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| Insulin | Secreted by beta cells of the islets of Langerhans; helps regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats; lowers blood glucose levels.
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| Glucagon | Secreted by the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans; raises blood glucose levels.
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| Estrogens and progesterone | Secreted by the ovaries; stimulate the development of the ova (eggs) and development of secondary sex characteristics in the female.
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| Testosterone | Secreted primarily by the testes; chief male androgen; stimulates development of sperm and secondary sex characteristics in the male.
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| Thymosins | Stimulates maturation of the T lymphocytes.
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| Melatonin | Secreted by the pineal gland; helps set the biorhythms.
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| Acromegaly | Excess secretion of growth hormone in the adult.
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| Pituitary dwarfism | Deficiency of growth hormone in childhood.
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| Posterior pituitary gland | Neurohypophysis; composed of nervous tissue.
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| Diabetes insipidus | The ADH deficiency disease where profound diuresis occurs and the person may excrete up to 25 L/day of dilute urine.
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| Vasopressin | Blood pressure-elevating.
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| Milk let-down reflex | The release of milk in response to suckling.
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| Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) | The fetal pituitary gland secretes this and it influences pigmentation of the skin.
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| Isthmus | The thyroid gland is butterfly-shaped and has two lobes connected by a band of tissue called?
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| Follicles | The secretory units of the thyroid gland.
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| Colloid | Clear, viscous substance that fills the cavities of each follicle in the thyroid gland.
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| Myxedema | Hypothyroidism in an adult results in a condition called? A slowed down metabolic state characterized by a slow heart rate, sluggish peristalsis resulting in constipation, a low body temperature, low energy, loss of hair, and weight gain.
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| Cretinism | A condition that develops when an infant is born with no thyroid gland. They fail to develop both physically and mentally. The child will be short and stocky, with abnormal skeletal development and severe mental retardation.
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| Graves' disease | Common type of hyperthyroidism. It is characterized by an increase in heart rate, increase in peristalsis resulting in diarrhea, elevation in body temperature (heat intolerance), hyperactivity, weight loss, and wide emotional swings.
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| Exophthalmia | Bulging eyes; a characteristic of Graves' disease.
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| Iodine | The synthesis of T3 and T4 requires this mineral?
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| Positive feedback | A physiological control mechanism in which a change in some variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change.
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| Goiter | An enlarged thyroid gland.
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| Parathyroid glands | These glands lie along the posterior surface of the thyroid gland.
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| Resorption | _____________ is the process of dissolving bone and returning its minerals to the bloodstream.
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| Phosphaturic effect | The excretion of phosphate by the kidneys.
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| Carpal spasm | When the hand and wrist muscles contract and cannot relax.
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| Tetany | Sustained skeletal muscle contraction. A deficiency of parathyroid hormone (PTH) that results in low plasma levels of calcium.
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| Laryngospasm | Sustained contractions of the muscles of the larynx and the breathing muscles.
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| Hypocalcemia | Deficient calcium in the blood.
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| Hypercalcemia | Excessive calcium in the blood.
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| Hypercalciuria | Excessive amount of calcium in the urine.
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| Adrenal glands | A pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress.
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| Adrenal medulla | Where are the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine located?
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| Pheochromocytoma | Benign tumor of the adrenal medulla that causes life-threatening high blood pressure.
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| Adrenal cortex | Secretes three steroids: glucocorticoids (sugar), mineralocorticoids (salt), and sex hormones.
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| Steroids | Lipid-soluble hormones made from cholesterol.
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| Addison's disease | A deficiency of adrenal cortical hormones. If untreated, the patient may develop life-threatening adrenal shock.
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| Cushing's syndrome | Excess secretion of adrenal cortical hormones. Also present in patients who take steroids as a medication.
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| Pancreas | A long slender organ that lies transversely across the upper abdomen, extending from the curve of the duodenum to the spleen. Functions as both an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland.
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| islets of Langerhans | The hormone-secreting cells of the pancreas. Alpha cells and beta cells.
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| Alpha cells | Secrete glucagon
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| Beta cells | Secrete insulin
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| Diabetes mellitus | A deficiency of insulin. The deficiency affects carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism.
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| Hyperglycemia | Excess glucose in the blood.
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| Glucosuria or glycosuria | Glucose in the urine.
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| Polyuria | Excretion of a large volume of urine.
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| Polydipsia | Excessive thirst
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| Polyphagia | Excessive eating
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| Acidosis | An excess of H+ in the blood
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| Fruity odor to the breath | Incomplete breakdown of fatty acids causing the formation of acetone, a ketone body.
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| Metabolic syndrome | A cluster of symptoms that occurs primarily in obese and sedentary persons. The signs and symptoms include insulin resistance and hyperglycemia, hypertension, and decreased "good" cholesterol.
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| Gonads | Are the sex glands and refer to the ovaries and testes.
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| Thymus gland | Which gland is found behind the sternum?
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| Pineal gland | A cone-shaped gland located close to the thalamus in the brain. Called the body's "biological clock," controlling many of the biorhythms. It also secretes a hormone called melatonin.
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| Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) | a mood disorder that affects people mostly during winter, when the daylight hours are short.
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| Prostaglandins | Hormones derived from fatty acid. Produced by many tissues and generally act near their site of secretion.
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| Cytokines | Excess adipose tissue acts as a gland---a very nasty gland---that secretes hormones called?
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| Gigantism | Excess secretion of growth hormone in a child, usually caused by a pituitary tumor.
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| Hypoparathyroidism | A patient presents with signs of hypocalcemia, high phosphorus, and low PTH.
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| Hyperparathyroidism | The overproduction of the parathyroid hormone, causing the condition known as hypercalcemia.
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