Psychology of Women
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Male centered; the belief that the male is the norm. | show 🗑
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show | Experimenter effects
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show | Female deficit model
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show | Feminist
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Research growing out of feminist theory, which seeks radical reform of traditional research methods. | show 🗑
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The state of being male or female. | show 🗑
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show | Gender-fair research
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A model in which the male is viewed as the norm for all humans, and the female is a deviation from the norm | show 🗑
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Subtle prejudiced beliefs about women. Also termed neosexism. | show 🗑
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When the researcher’s expectations affect his or her observations and recording of the data. Also called rater bias. | show 🗑
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A research error in which the results are said to apply to a broader group than the one sampled; for example, saying that results from an all-male sample are true for all people. | show 🗑
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Discrimination or bias against people based on their gender. Sex bias. | show 🗑
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show | 1. It is interesting.
2. Many traditional theories exclude women.
3. Opens up new perspectives on gender roles and ways these may be changed.
4. Female experience differs qualitatively from the male experience in some ways.
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To what does "sex" refer in the text? | show 🗑
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show | Sexism
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show | Feminist
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What are the 7 Steps of Psychological Research? | show 🗑
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What are the 4 steps of designing research? | show 🗑
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show | 1. Remain objective.
2. Consider rival hypotheses.
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What 2 types of bias can occur while collecting data? | show 🗑
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What type of study guards against observer effects? | show 🗑
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When are statistical analyses faulty? | show 🗑
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show | Stanley Milgram didn't report the “outliers” in the research: women who didn't go on with the study on obedience. Milgram only published significant results that confirmed/conformed to his beliefs about obedience, while other results were ignored.
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show | Double Standard
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According to cognitive developmental theory, a child’s understanding that gender is a permanent, unchanging characteristic of the self. | show 🗑
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In cognitive-developmental theory, the individual’s knowledge that she or he is a female or a male. | show 🗑
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A person’s general knowledge framework about gender; it processes and organizes information based on gender-linked associations. | show 🗑
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show | Imitation
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show | Intersectionality
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show | Observational learning
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show | Parental investment
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show | Reinforcement
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In cognitive psychology, a general knowledge framework that a person has about a particular topic; the schema then processes and organizes new information on that topic. | show 🗑
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A theoretical viewpoint that humans do not discover reality directly, rather, they construct meanings for events in the environment, based on their own prior experiences and beliefs. | show 🗑
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show | Social-structural theory
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These theories share an emphasis on gender-role learning as being deeply rooted in cognitive and learning processes of childhood, thus viewing society as the creator of socially-constructed gender roles. | show 🗑
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These theorists focus more attention on imitating and learning appropriate behaviors through observation, as well as reinforcement (whether negative or positive). | show 🗑
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These theories also share the notion of gender-role learning, but emphasize sexuality in the social construction of gender roles. | show 🗑
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These theorists purport gender differences occur b/c of interaction b/t socially-constructed expectations, perceived appropriate roles for women & men, & pressures to display gender “appropriate” behavior of socially-constructed gender roles. | show 🗑
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These theorists emphasize cognitive aspects of gender-typing in an individual’s interactions with the environment while simultaneously processing information (i.e., thinking) | show 🗑
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show | Gender Schema
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show | Psychoanalytic
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What are some criticisms of psychoanalytic theory? | show 🗑
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show | phallocentric
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show | Karen Horney
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show | Male’s envy of a woman’s uterus and reproductive capacity in direct contrast to penis envy.
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show | Helene Deutsch
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Who was founder of Child Psychoanalysis and a pioneer of play therapy techniques? | show 🗑
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Who is a contemporary Feminist Psychologist and Sociologist who examined the mother-child relationship and applied feminist theories to traditional Freudian psychoanalysis? | show 🗑
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The assumption that all children grow up heterosexual and the lack of effort to understand other kinds of sexual identity or development (homosexual, gay, or lesbian). | show 🗑
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Chodorow’s research has focused exclusively on the impact of gender in people’s lives from a Feminist perspective, while ignoring powerful influences of race and social class factors. This is... | show 🗑
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A controversial theory advanced by Harvard biologist E.O. Wilson in his 700-page with countless examples from insect life, Sociobiology: The New Synthesis (1975). | show 🗑
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show | Evolutionary Psychology
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Who proposed the concept of sexual selection? | show 🗑
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What are feminist researchers' criticisms of Evolutionary Psychology? | show 🗑
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show | Alice Eagly and Wendy Wood
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Who developed Social Learning Theory? | show 🗑
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The combination of masculine and feminine psychological characteristics in an individual. | show 🗑
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show | Deindividuation
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A set of shared cultural beliefs about male and female behavior, personality traits, and other attributes. | show 🗑
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show | Implicit Association Test (IAT)
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show | Implicit Stereotypes
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show | Meta-Analysis
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show | Stereotype Threat
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show | Kay Deaux
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Who found in his research that stereotypes are more than just abstract ideas that one holds about other individuals? | show 🗑
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Developmentally, at what age do gender differences in aggression appear? | show 🗑
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The level of overall positive regard one has for oneself is defined as _________. | show 🗑
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show | Self-confidence
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Being able to feel emotions that another person feels and putting oneself in another’s emotional space. | show 🗑
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show | Sandra Bem’s androgyny
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________________ constructed the “Bem Sex-Role Inventory” to measure androgyny (1974) across four gender-role categories: Masculine, Feminine, Androgynous, and Undifferentiated. | show 🗑
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A group of people who share a common culture and language. | show 🗑
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show | Ethnocentrism
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show | Eurocentrism
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Concept of verbal/nonverbal/environmental slights/snubs/insults, intentional/not, communicates hostile/negative msgs to target persons based upon their marginalized group membership. Hidden messages may invalidate/demean women on a personal/group level. | show 🗑
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show | Microaggression
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show | Race
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Microaggressions from the perspective of race and racism occurs when a marginalized individual or ethnic group is the target of unjustifiable aggression or hostility. | show 🗑
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show | Sexual orientation microaggressions
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show | Brody's Model of Gender Differences in Emotional Expression
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A culture’s rules for which emotions can be expressed or displayed regulating the behavior of females and males. | show 🗑
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Taking responsibility for the emotional quality of relationships, which is part of the female role in society. | show 🗑
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The ability to perceive, appraise, and express emotions accurately and clearly, to understand, analyze and use knowledge about emotions to think and make decisions and to regulate the emotions of oneself and others. | show 🗑
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Beyond gender stereotypes, the issue of gender differences in emotion expression is over-simplified. Emotions are complex and depend on many situational factors, including socialization, imitation, gender schemas, and display rules. | show 🗑
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show | Socialization of Emotions
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Women are stereotyped as expressing a wide variety of both positive and negative emotions, including fear, sadness, sympathy, happiness, and love. In contrast, men are stereotyped as expressing a smaller range -- anger, contempt, and pride. | show 🗑
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