Psychology of Women
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| Male centered; the belief that the male is the norm. | show 🗑
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| When some characteristics of the experimenter affect the way participants behave and therefore affect the research outcome. | show 🗑
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| show | Female deficit model
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| A person who favors political, economic, and social equality of women and men, and therefore favors the legal and social changes necessary to achieve that equality. | show 🗑
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| show | Feminist research
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| show | Gender
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| Research that is free of gender bias. | show 🗑
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| show | Male as normative
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| show | Modern sexism
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| When the researcher’s expectations affect his or her observations and recording of the data. Also called rater bias. | show 🗑
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| A research error in which the results are said to apply to a broader group than the one sampled; for example, saying that results from an all-male sample are true for all people. | show 🗑
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| show | Sexism
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| show | 1. It is interesting.
2. Many traditional theories exclude women.
3. Opens up new perspectives on gender roles and ways these may be changed.
4. Female experience differs qualitatively from the male experience in some ways.
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| To what does "sex" refer in the text? | show 🗑
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| The discrimination or bias against people based on their gender. | show 🗑
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| show | Feminist
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| What are the 7 Steps of Psychological Research? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Choose a behavior to study.
2. Choose a method to measure behavior.
3. Choose participants for the study.
4. Choose an appropriate research design for the research question/hypothesis.
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| How may researchers avoid minimize bias when designing research? | show 🗑
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| What 2 types of bias can occur while collecting data? | show 🗑
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| show | Blind study
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| show | 1. Researcher is overconfident in estimating/measuring differences/similarities.
2. Researcher uses inappropriate techniques that don't fit the research question.
3. Researcher uses poor judgement in determining what data means in real life scenarios.
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| Describe the gender bias that occurred in the Obedience Study. | show 🗑
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| Example: Tolerance of male promiscuity and disapproval of female promiscuity. | show 🗑
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| show | Gender Constancy
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| In cognitive-developmental theory, the individual’s knowledge that she or he is a female or a male. | show 🗑
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| show | Gender Schema
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| show | Imitation
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| An approach that simultaneously considers the meaning and consequences of multiple categories of identity, difference, and disadvantage. | show 🗑
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| show | Observational learning
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| In sociobiology, behaviors or other investments in the offspring by the parent that increase the offspring’s chance of survival. | show 🗑
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| show | Reinforcement
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| show | Schema (see gender schema)
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| show | Social constructionism
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| A theory of the origin of psychological gender differences that focuses on the social structure, particularly the division of labor between men and women. | show 🗑
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| show | Feminist and Social Learning
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| show | Social Learning
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| These theories also share the notion of gender-role learning, but emphasize sexuality in the social construction of gender roles. | show 🗑
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| show | Feminist
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| These theorists emphasize cognitive aspects of gender-typing in an individual’s interactions with the environment while simultaneously processing information (i.e., thinking) | show 🗑
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| These theorists focus attention on how individuals categorize information [in their minds, or cognitively] into gender-appropriate behavior and distorted information that is not consistent with sex-typed behaviors. | show 🗑
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| Sigmund Freud is associated with which theory? | show 🗑
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| show | The theory over-emphasizes biological determinants of human behavior, while down-playing environmental influences of the greater society and how learning shapes behavior.
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| Feminist theorists accuse psychoanalytic theory of having ________ views. | show 🗑
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| show | Karen Horney
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| show | Male’s envy of a woman’s uterus and reproductive capacity in direct contrast to penis envy.
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| Who published a significant in 1944 entitled The Psychology of Women to understand women within the psychoanalytic school of thought and coined the term masculinity complex? | show 🗑
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| Who was founder of Child Psychoanalysis and a pioneer of play therapy techniques? | show 🗑
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| Who is a contemporary Feminist Psychologist and Sociologist who examined the mother-child relationship and applied feminist theories to traditional Freudian psychoanalysis? | show 🗑
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| The assumption that all children grow up heterosexual and the lack of effort to understand other kinds of sexual identity or development (homosexual, gay, or lesbian). | show 🗑
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| Chodorow’s research has focused exclusively on the impact of gender in people’s lives from a Feminist perspective, while ignoring powerful influences of race and social class factors. This is... | show 🗑
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| show | Sociobiology
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| show | Evolutionary Psychology
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| Who proposed the concept of sexual selection? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Overemphasizing biology over learned behavior.
2. Predominant view of human behavior is androcentric.
3. Based on an outdated version of Evolutionary Theory that hasn't kept up with the times.
4. Many recent studies contradict tenets of ET.
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| show | Alice Eagly and Wendy Wood
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| Who developed Social Learning Theory? | show 🗑
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| The combination of masculine and feminine psychological characteristics in an individual. | show 🗑
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| show | Deindividuation
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| A set of shared cultural beliefs about male and female behavior, personality traits, and other attributes. | show 🗑
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| Research by Harvard psychologist Mahzarin Banaji and her colleagues that found an individual’s relative strength in the association between stereotypes and other learned attitudes through their reactions in the _____________. | show 🗑
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| Learned, automatic associations between social categories, such as what is a “female” attribute versus a male attribute. For example, females are typically associated with being Nurses, but not with being mathematicians. | show 🗑
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| show | Meta-Analysis
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| show | Stereotype Threat
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| Who demonstrated in her research, the more one learns about another individual, the less we are influenced by our first impressions of that person? | show 🗑
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| show | Claude Steele
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| Developmentally, at what age do gender differences in aggression appear? | show 🗑
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| show | Self-esteem
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| show | Self-confidence
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| show | Empathy
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| show | Sandra Bem’s androgyny
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| ________________ constructed the “Bem Sex-Role Inventory” to measure androgyny (1974) across four gender-role categories: Masculine, Feminine, Androgynous, and Undifferentiated. | show 🗑
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| A group of people who share a common culture and language. | show 🗑
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| show | Ethnocentrism
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| The tendency to view the world from a Euro-American point of view and to evaluate other ethnic groups in reference to Euro-Americans. | show 🗑
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| show | Gender microaggression
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| show | Microaggression
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| A biological concept referring to a group of people with a common set of physical features who have mated only within their race. | show 🗑
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| show | Racial microaggressions
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| Microaggressions from the perspective of sexual orientation occurs when a marginalized individual or group of the LBGT+ community is the target of unjustifiable aggression or hostility. | show 🗑
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| show | Brody's Model of Gender Differences in Emotional Expression
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| A culture’s rules for which emotions can be expressed or displayed regulating the behavior of females and males. | show 🗑
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| show | Emotion Work
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| show | Emotional Intelligence
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| show | Gender Differences in Emotional Expression
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| Studies have shown that parents talk about emotions differently with sons, compared to daughters. One study (Fig. 6.3, p. 138), found that mothers display more intense facial expression of emotion to infant daughters, compared with infant sons. | show 🗑
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| show | Stereotypes of Emotions
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