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Mid Term
Psychology of Women
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Male centered; the belief that the male is the norm. | Androcentrism |
| When some characteristics of the experimenter affect the way participants behave and therefore affect the research outcome. | Experimenter effects |
| A theory or interpretation of research in which women’s behavior is viewed as deficient. | Female deficit model |
| A person who favors political, economic, and social equality of women and men, and therefore favors the legal and social changes necessary to achieve that equality. | Feminist |
| Research growing out of feminist theory, which seeks radical reform of traditional research methods. | Feminist research |
| The state of being male or female. | Gender |
| Research that is free of gender bias. | Gender-fair research |
| A model in which the male is viewed as the norm for all humans, and the female is a deviation from the norm | Male as normative |
| Subtle prejudiced beliefs about women. Also termed neosexism. | Modern sexism |
| When the researcher’s expectations affect his or her observations and recording of the data. Also called rater bias. | Observer effects |
| A research error in which the results are said to apply to a broader group than the one sampled; for example, saying that results from an all-male sample are true for all people. | Over-generalization |
| Discrimination or bias against people based on their gender. Sex bias. | Sexism |
| What are the four basic reasons for studying the psychology of women? | 1. It is interesting. 2. Many traditional theories exclude women. 3. Opens up new perspectives on gender roles and ways these may be changed. 4. Female experience differs qualitatively from the male experience in some ways. |
| To what does "sex" refer in the text? | Sexual behaviors |
| The discrimination or bias against people based on their gender. | Sexism |
| A person who favors political, economic, and social equality of women and men, as well as legal and social changes necessary to achieve equality for all. | Feminist |
| What are the 7 Steps of Psychological Research? | 1/2. Select Theoretical Model. Formulate Research Questions. 3. Design Research. 4. Collect Data. 5. Analyze the Data Statistically. 6. Interpret the Results. 7. Publish the Results. |
| What are the 4 steps of designing research? | 1. Choose a behavior to study. 2. Choose a method to measure behavior. 3. Choose participants for the study. 4. Choose an appropriate research design for the research question/hypothesis. |
| How may researchers avoid minimize bias when designing research? | 1. Remain objective. 2. Consider rival hypotheses. |
| What 2 types of bias can occur while collecting data? | 1. Experimenter Bias 2. Observer Bias |
| What type of study guards against observer effects? | Blind study |
| When are statistical analyses faulty? | 1. Researcher is overconfident in estimating/measuring differences/similarities. 2. Researcher uses inappropriate techniques that don't fit the research question. 3. Researcher uses poor judgement in determining what data means in real life scenarios. |
| Describe the gender bias that occurred in the Obedience Study. | Stanley Milgram didn't report the “outliers” in the research: women who didn't go on with the study on obedience. Milgram only published significant results that confirmed/conformed to his beliefs about obedience, while other results were ignored. |
| Example: Tolerance of male promiscuity and disapproval of female promiscuity. | Double Standard |
| According to cognitive developmental theory, a child’s understanding that gender is a permanent, unchanging characteristic of the self. | Gender Constancy |
| In cognitive-developmental theory, the individual’s knowledge that she or he is a female or a male. | Gender Identity |
| A person’s general knowledge framework about gender; it processes and organizes information based on gender-linked associations. | Gender Schema |
| People doing what they see others doing. | Imitation |
| An approach that simultaneously considers the meaning and consequences of multiple categories of identity, difference, and disadvantage. | Intersectionality |
| Observing someone doing something and then doing it at a later time. | Observational learning |
| In sociobiology, behaviors or other investments in the offspring by the parent that increase the offspring’s chance of survival. | Parental investment |
| In operant conditioning, something that occurs after a behavior and makes the behavior more likely to occur in the future. | Reinforcement |
| In cognitive psychology, a general knowledge framework that a person has about a particular topic; the schema then processes and organizes new information on that topic. | Schema (see gender schema) |
| A theoretical viewpoint that humans do not discover reality directly, rather, they construct meanings for events in the environment, based on their own prior experiences and beliefs. | Social constructionism |
| A theory of the origin of psychological gender differences that focuses on the social structure, particularly the division of labor between men and women. | Social-structural theory |
| These theories share an emphasis on gender-role learning as being deeply rooted in cognitive and learning processes of childhood, thus viewing society as the creator of socially-constructed gender roles. | Feminist and Social Learning |
| These theorists focus more attention on imitating and learning appropriate behaviors through observation, as well as reinforcement (whether negative or positive). | Social Learning |
| These theories also share the notion of gender-role learning, but emphasize sexuality in the social construction of gender roles. | Psychoanalytic |
| These theorists purport gender differences occur b/c of interaction b/t socially-constructed expectations, perceived appropriate roles for women & men, & pressures to display gender “appropriate” behavior of socially-constructed gender roles. | Feminist |
| These theorists emphasize cognitive aspects of gender-typing in an individual’s interactions with the environment while simultaneously processing information (i.e., thinking) | Gender Schema |
| These theorists focus attention on how individuals categorize information [in their minds, or cognitively] into gender-appropriate behavior and distorted information that is not consistent with sex-typed behaviors. | Gender Schema |
| Sigmund Freud is associated with which theory? | Psychoanalytic |
| What are some criticisms of psychoanalytic theory? | The theory over-emphasizes biological determinants of human behavior, while down-playing environmental influences of the greater society and how learning shapes behavior. |
| Feminist theorists accuse psychoanalytic theory of having ________ views. | phallocentric |
| Who advanced the concept of womb envy? | Karen Horney |
| What is womb envy? | Male’s envy of a woman’s uterus and reproductive capacity in direct contrast to penis envy. |
| Who published a significant in 1944 entitled The Psychology of Women to understand women within the psychoanalytic school of thought and coined the term masculinity complex? | Helene Deutsch |
| Who was founder of Child Psychoanalysis and a pioneer of play therapy techniques? | Anna Freud |
| Who is a contemporary Feminist Psychologist and Sociologist who examined the mother-child relationship and applied feminist theories to traditional Freudian psychoanalysis? | Nancy Chodorow |
| The assumption that all children grow up heterosexual and the lack of effort to understand other kinds of sexual identity or development (homosexual, gay, or lesbian). | Heterosexist Bias |
| Chodorow’s research has focused exclusively on the impact of gender in people’s lives from a Feminist perspective, while ignoring powerful influences of race and social class factors. This is... | Race and Social Class Omission |
| A controversial theory advanced by Harvard biologist E.O. Wilson in his 700-page with countless examples from insect life, Sociobiology: The New Synthesis (1975). | Sociobiology |
| _________ is an updated, more elaborate rendition of sociobiology proposed by psychologist David Buss in which humans’ complex psychological mechanisms for survival are the result of evolution based on natural selection. | Evolutionary Psychology |
| Who proposed the concept of sexual selection? | Charles Darwin |
| What are feminist researchers' criticisms of Evolutionary Psychology? | 1. Overemphasizing biology over learned behavior. 2. Predominant view of human behavior is androcentric. 3. Based on an outdated version of Evolutionary Theory that hasn't kept up with the times. 4. Many recent studies contradict tenets of ET. |
| In 1999, which 2 social psychologists provided powerful empirical evidence in support of Social-Structural Theory? | Alice Eagly and Wendy Wood |
| Who developed Social Learning Theory? | Albert Bandura |
| The combination of masculine and feminine psychological characteristics in an individual. | Androgyny |
| A state in which a person has become anonymous and has therefore lost his or her individual identity. | Deindividuation |
| A set of shared cultural beliefs about male and female behavior, personality traits, and other attributes. | Gender-Role Stereotypes |
| Research by Harvard psychologist Mahzarin Banaji and her colleagues that found an individual’s relative strength in the association between stereotypes and other learned attitudes through their reactions in the _____________. | Implicit Association Test (IAT) |
| Learned, automatic associations between social categories, such as what is a “female” attribute versus a male attribute. For example, females are typically associated with being Nurses, but not with being mathematicians. | Implicit Stereotypes |
| A statistical technique that allows a researcher to combine the results of many research studies. | Meta-Analysis |
| Being at risk of personally confirming a negative stereotype about one’s group. | Stereotype Threat |
| Who demonstrated in her research, the more one learns about another individual, the less we are influenced by our first impressions of that person? | Kay Deaux |
| Who found in his research that stereotypes are more than just abstract ideas that one holds about other individuals? | Claude Steele |
| Developmentally, at what age do gender differences in aggression appear? | 2 years old |
| The level of overall positive regard one has for oneself is defined as _________. | Self-esteem |
| A person’s belief that she/he can be successful at accomplishing a given task is defined as ___________. | Self-confidence |
| Being able to feel emotions that another person feels and putting oneself in another’s emotional space. | Empathy |
| One prominent theory that attempts to overcome gender stereotypes is ________________. | Sandra Bem’s androgyny |
| ________________ constructed the “Bem Sex-Role Inventory” to measure androgyny (1974) across four gender-role categories: Masculine, Feminine, Androgynous, and Undifferentiated. | Sandra Bem |
| A group of people who share a common culture and language. | Ethnic group |
| The tendency to regard one’s own ethnic group as superior to others and to believe that its customs and way of life are the standards by which other cultures should be judged. | Ethnocentrism |
| The tendency to view the world from a Euro-American point of view and to evaluate other ethnic groups in reference to Euro-Americans. | Eurocentrism |
| Concept of verbal/nonverbal/environmental slights/snubs/insults, intentional/not, communicates hostile/negative msgs to target persons based upon their marginalized group membership. Hidden messages may invalidate/demean women on a personal/group level. | Gender microaggression |
| The everyday verbal, nonverbal, and environmental slights, snubs, or insults, whether intentional or unintentional, which communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative messages to target persons based solely upon their marginalized group membership. | Microaggression |
| A biological concept referring to a group of people with a common set of physical features who have mated only within their race. | Race |
| Microaggressions from the perspective of race and racism occurs when a marginalized individual or ethnic group is the target of unjustifiable aggression or hostility. | Racial microaggressions |
| Microaggressions from the perspective of sexual orientation occurs when a marginalized individual or group of the LBGT+ community is the target of unjustifiable aggression or hostility. | Sexual orientation microaggressions |
| Emphasizes that the (emotional) developmental process is different for boys and girls. | Brody's Model of Gender Differences in Emotional Expression |
| A culture’s rules for which emotions can be expressed or displayed regulating the behavior of females and males. | Display Rules |
| Taking responsibility for the emotional quality of relationships, which is part of the female role in society. | Emotion Work |
| The ability to perceive, appraise, and express emotions accurately and clearly, to understand, analyze and use knowledge about emotions to think and make decisions and to regulate the emotions of oneself and others. | Emotional Intelligence |
| Beyond gender stereotypes, the issue of gender differences in emotion expression is over-simplified. Emotions are complex and depend on many situational factors, including socialization, imitation, gender schemas, and display rules. | Gender Differences in Emotional Expression |
| Studies have shown that parents talk about emotions differently with sons, compared to daughters. One study (Fig. 6.3, p. 138), found that mothers display more intense facial expression of emotion to infant daughters, compared with infant sons. | Socialization of Emotions |
| Women are stereotyped as expressing a wide variety of both positive and negative emotions, including fear, sadness, sympathy, happiness, and love. In contrast, men are stereotyped as expressing a smaller range -- anger, contempt, and pride. | Stereotypes of Emotions |
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blitz0825
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