Bio 4U Exam
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| Light dependent reaction produces.. | ATP & NADPH
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| a measure of photosynthesis is the rate of.. | Oxygen production
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| Energy in reaction center comes from.. | absorbed photons
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| Photosystem 680 is also called.. | Photosystem II
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| The source of electrons required by P680 is.. | H20
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| Light-dependent reactions take place.. | On the thylakoid membrane
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| ATP and NADPH power.. | The calvin cycle
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| The Calvin cycle assimilates C02 with.. | Ribulose biphosphate
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| Fixing Co2 requires the action of the enzyme.. | Rubisco
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| RuBP combines with CO2 and then.. | Breaks into two PGA compounds
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| 1 molecule of glucose requires that the calvin cycle must be repeated.. | 6 times
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| CAM plants and C4 plants both.. | Separate CO2 fixing from the calvin cycle
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| Fixing C02 at night allows a plant to.. | Close stomata to retain H2O at day
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| The process of breaking down molecules into smaller parts is called.. | Catobolism
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| Anabolic pathways are different from catabolic pathways because.. | They require energy
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| Energy is best defined as.. | The ability to do work
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| The first law of thermodynamics states that.. | Energy cannot be created or destroyed
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| The energy contained in a chemical bond is called the.. | Enthalpy
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| Enthalpy is represented by the symbol.. | G
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| Activation energy is.. | Required to start a chemical reaction
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| When NAD+ is reduced it becomes.. | NADH
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| Endergonic Reactions do not proceed spontaneously because.. | The reactants have less free energy than the products
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| A compound is reduced if it.. | gains an electron
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| Aerobic respiration requires.. | Oxygen
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| Glycolysis does not involve.. | Production of CO2
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| Krebs cycle, the acetyl-group from pyruvate combines with oxoloacetate to form.. | Citrate
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| The mitochondrial inner membrane consists of.. | proton pumps, ATP synthase, lipid bilayer, electron transport chain
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| FADH2 produces less ATP than NaDh because FaDh2.. | electrons enter the transport chain at a later point
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| Fermentation is a strategy used by cells to.. | oxidize NADH
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| Athletes that push their cells to use up O2 can produce more energy by producing.. | Lactate
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| yeast growing in an anoxic environment can produce energy by producing.. | Ethanol
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| At room temp, polyunsaturated lipids would form.. | Oil
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| proteins have many functions, which function is not related.. | Insulating against heat loss
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| What are the functions of proteins.. | Transporting substances, regulating cellular processes, catalyzing chemical reactions & providing structural support
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| A dipeptide is.. | Two amino acids combined together
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| Protein structure can be organized into how many levels.. | 4
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| Three isomers of c6h12o6 are.. | Galactose, Glucose- beta ring, and glucose- straight line
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| 4 ways lipids contribute to human body.. | Source of energy, energy storage, insulation, protection
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| The fatty acids of saturated fat have.. | No double bonds
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| The monomer for starch is a.. | Monosaccharaide
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| Which of these molecules is a disaccharide.. | Sucrose
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| two isomers vary by.. | Structural formula
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| Glucose & galactose bond to form.. | Lactose
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| Which carbohydrate polymers is highly branched.. | Glycogen
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| A triglyceride has three fatty acids connected to one.. | Glycerol
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| Water is polar covalent this means that.. | Electrons are shared equally, hydrogen is partially charged, oxygen is more electronegative, electrons are less attracted to the hydrogen nucleus
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| Intermolecular forces include.. | Hydrogen bonds
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| A hydrophobic molecule.. | Is non-polar
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| hydrophillic molecules have a tendency to.. | Form aqueous solutions, dissolve in water, form hydrogen bonds, be polar
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| The monomer for a protein is a.. | Amino acid
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| Which of the following is a monomer.. | Fructose
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| What is an isomer of glucose.. | Fructose
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| A disaccharide is formed by a covalent bond called a.. | Glycosidic linkage
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| two isomers vary by.. | Structural formula
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| Animal starch, glycogen is highly branched so that.. | it is more quickly broken into monomers
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| How is cellulose different from starch.. | provides structural support to cell wall
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| The fatty acids of a saturated fat have.. | no double bonds
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| A triglyceride has 3 fatty acids connected to one.. | glycerol
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| The triglyceride is formed by.. | an ester linkage
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| At room temp, polyunsaturated lipids would form.. | oil
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| Hydrogenation involves.. | adding hydrogen atoms
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| Which of these statements is true for a phospholipid but not a triglyceride.. | The molecule is polar and non-polar
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| Which of these hormones is also a lipid.. | Testosterone
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| Denaturation of a protein.. | is the result of extreme heat, is the result of exposure to a certain chemical, results in unfolding, results in inability to perform its function
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| A catalyst acts to.. | Increase the rate of a reaction
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| A substrate is the.. | reactant
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| Competitive inhibitors.. | Combine with the active site of the enzyme
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| What molecule requires a protein channel to enter the cell.. | Potassium ion
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| The golgi apparatus is responsible for.. | Modification of lipids and proteins
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| the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for.. | Synthesizing lipids
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| An electrochemical gradient is formed if.. | ion concentration changes on one side of a membrane
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| The endoplasmic reticulum.. | has ribosomes for making proteins
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| the chloroplast is responsible for photosynthesis, what term does not apply to this structure.. | Matrix
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| Which structure is unique to the mitochondrion.. | Cristae
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| What is the source of energy for secondary active transport.. | an electrochemical gradient
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| The cell membrane consists of.. | phospholipids, glycoproteins, glycolipids, carbohydrate chains
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| How is pinocytosis similar to phagocytosis.. | both fold the cell membrane around matter
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| The hydrophobic interior of the cell membrane is created by.. | phospholipid tails
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| A hypertonic solution outside a cell allows.. | net water loss to the cell
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| Isotonic | Same concentration of solutes
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| Hydrogen ions.. | creates an electrochemical gradient
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| osmosis | movement of water across a membrane
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| diffusion | movement from a high concentration to a low concentration
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| How many amino acids are there, how many are essential.. | 20, 8
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| How is a peptide bond formed.. | it is formed by hydrolysis, its removes an OH from one amino acid and the H from another amino acid to form water. Only the carboxyl group is involved in this reaction.
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| Passive transport.. | Requires no energy because the molecules move with the concentration gradient. Diffusion moves molecules from an area of high to low concentration to equal it out
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| Active transport.. | Requires energy because it is moving molecules against the gradient.
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| the process of breaking down molecules into smaller parts is called.. | Catabolism
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| What best illustrates kinetic energy.. | a puck slides past a goalie
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| The concentrated charge in the intermembrane space leaves through.. | ATP synthase
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| Free energy is.. | energy available to do work
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| In metabolic pathways, activation energy is reduced by.. | many enzymes
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| A phosphate group is added to glucose, this is called.. | Phosphorylation
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| Glycolysis produces 2 ATP and,, | 2 NADH
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| For one glucose molecule, the krebs cycle will produce.. | 6 NADH
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| Oxidative Phosphorylation occurs.. | At the inner membrane
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| The krebs cycle occurs.. | In the mitochondrial matrix
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| Chargaffs rule is best described as.. | All DNA exists in a specific ratio so that the amount of adenine is equal to the amount of thymine
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| Which of these is unique to DNA.. | Uracil
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| A nucleotide consists of.. | a phosphate, a simple sugar and a nitrogenous base
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| Which of these is a purine.. | guanine
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| Guanine and cytosine bind together with.. | 3 hydrogen bonds
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| How is RNA different from DNA | the sugar has OH attached to the number 2 carbon
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| What is a key characteristic of DNA | Dna has a definite helical structure with nitrogenous bases towards the middle
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| What term best describes the basic unit of heredity.. | Gene
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| What term describes the compacting of DNA | Supercoiling
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| What term best describes the region of bacterial cell where DNA is found.. | Nucleoid
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| What term best describes the circular DNA fragment in bacteria.. | Plasmid
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| Nucleotides are combined together by.. | Hydrogen bonds betwwen nitrogenous bases
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| Two strands of DNA are antiparrallel , this means.. | Each strand has a different direction
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| DNA replication takes place.. | During S phase
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| Dna replication is.. | Semi conservative
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| Ozaki fragments form on the.. | Lagging strand
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| The RNA primer is used to.. | Act as a starting point for nucleotide addition
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| The DNA ligase is used to.. | Bind ozaki fragments together
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| A possible mistake in replication is.. | Strand slippage leading to addition/deletion, a mispairing, a permanent DNA altering mutation
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| A telomere is.. | Repetitive end of a chromosome
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| making a new strand of dna is called.. | Replication
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| During initiation.. | helicase unwinds the dna
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| After termination there are two.. | completed dna strands
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| The genetic codes interprets nucleotides.. | in groups of 3
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| What is the start codon.. | AUG
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| The genetic code is.. | The same for almost all organisms, continuous, redundant, nearly universal
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| The redundancy of the genetic code helps to explain.. | Silent mutations
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| If a mutation changes the codon for tyrosine to stop, the result is.. | a nonsense mutation
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| The lac operon is activated by the presence of .. | lactose
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| PCR is an automated system that.. | Rapidly cycles temperature changes..
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| Another name for genetically modified organisms is.. | Transgenic
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| What is the purpose of Dna supercoiling. | Compacts dna so its not as long, dna would be nearly 2m long
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| Redundant.. | Same protein code but different genetic code. How silent mutations are produced
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| Continuous.. | continues until a stop codon is produced
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| Universal.. | Almost all organisms have same protein code
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| What makes RNA different from DNA | Rna is everywhere, dna is only in nucleus, Rna is unstable and dna is stable
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| In what three ways is mRNA modified before it can exit the nucleus.. | All the T's get changed to U's, 5' cap and 3' poly tail is added to the ends, excise the introns
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| Protein structure.. | Linear sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain, the structure is held together by covalent bonds such as peptide bonds.
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| Kinds of protein.. | Structural, enzymatic, hormonal, defensive, storage, transport, Receptor, contractile
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| Synthesis.. | The production of an organic compound in a living thing, aided by enzymes
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| Krebs cycle.. | is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy
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| Eukaryotes.. | are organisms whose cells are organized into complex structures by internal membranes and a cytoskeleton. The most characteristic membrane bound structure is the nucleus
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| prokaryotes.. | are organisms without a cell nucleus (= karyon), or any other membrane-bound organelles. Most are unicellular, but some prokaryotes are multicellular.
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| Eukaryote vs prokaryote.. | eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, such as the nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not.
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| Homestasis.. | Homeostasis is the ability to maintain a constant internal environment in response to environmental changes
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