Biology
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| What is the definition of evolution? | Change over time
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| How old is the earth predicted to be? | 4.6 billion years ago
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| The evidence suggests that life first began how long ago | 3.8 billion years ago
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| What were the first living organisms on the planet? | Prokaryotes
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| How long ago did multicellular life appear? | 1.2 billion years ago
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| When did fungi and plants begin to colonize the land? | 500 million years ago
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| When did the earliest pre-human ancestors appear? | 6 to 7 million years ago
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| When did humans (homo sapiens) first appear? | 195,000 years ago
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| How many times have all the land masses on the earth come together to form one giant supercontinent? | 7 times
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| Eras in time are separated by what event? | A mass extinction
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| What process causes the earth to constantly change form? | Continental Drift / Plate Techtonics
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| How long ago did Pangea break apart? | 200 million years ago
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| What was the largest mass extinction on record? How many species died off? | The Permian Mass Extinction. 86% of all species. 96% of marine animals. 70% of terrestrial life.
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| How was the early atmosphere on earth different from the atmosphere we have now? | The atmosphere had no O2 and was thick with water vapor & various compounds were released.
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| Who were the first two scientists to suggest that organic molecules could have formed during the early stages of the earth? | A.I. Oparin & J.B. Haldane
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| Explain the Miller-Urey experiment and what it tells us about the possibilities of how life began. | They caused an enclosed system that represented the atmosphere & Sea. Electricity which represented lightning. Condensed represented rain. Amino Acids were in the water vapor. This gave us some type of idea how life was created.
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| What are the five main pieces of evidence we use to support evolution? | 1) Biogeography
2) Embryology
3) Fossil Record
4) Comparative Anatomy
5) Molecular Biology
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| How do we use Biogeography to show how organisms are related? | Look at where organisms are located & their adaptations in geographic distribution.
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| How do we use Embryology to show how organisms are related? | Comparison of early stages of development among different organisms
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| How do we use Fossil Record to show how organisms are related? | Shows past organisms & where they were alive / fossils are compared to see evolutionary change
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| How do we use Comparative Anatomy to show how organisms are related? | Comparison of body structures in different species
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| How do we use Molecular Biology to show how organisms are related? | Reveal evolutionary relationships comparing DNA & AA sequences between different organisms
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| Why is the fossil record an incomplete story? | Only 1% of all organisms are fossilized
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| How many of the organisms that have ever lived have gone extinct? | 99%
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| About how many of the extinct organisms have become fossilized? | 1%
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| What are the types of fossils? | 1) Petrified Fossil
2) Cast
3) Mold
4) Imprints
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| Describe a Petrified Fossil. | Organic material is replaced with minerals
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| Describe a Cast. | Mold fills with material, 3D model of the mold.
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| Describe a Mold. | Deeper pattern in rock, Hard tissue
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| Describe a Imprint. | Shallow pattern in rock, Soft tissue
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| What method do we use to determine the age of fossils and the earth? | Radiometric Dating (Carbon Dating)
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| How can we use the strata layers to determine the age of fossils relative age of fossils? | The further down the strata the older it is.
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| Explain why an individual organism cannot go through the process of evolution. | An individual organism cannot go through evolution alone because you cannot change your DNA. Genes have to be passed on.
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| What does go through evolution? How does this occur? | A species / population. The unfit for the environment die off and good traits are passed on.
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| What is a homologous structure? Give an example. | Structures that are similar but have different functions. Human Arm V. Whale Arm.
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| What is an analogous structure? Give an example. | Structures that have the same function but evolved evolved separately. Bat V. Bird.
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| What is a vestigial structure? Give an example. | Remnants of features that served important functions in an organism's ancestors. In humans an Appendix, Tailbone, and Wisdom Teeth. In a Whale the Hip Bone.
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| What is speciation? | New species arise from old species.
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| What was the name of the ship Darwin was on? | H.M.S Beagle
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| How long did Darwin sail around the world collecting his evidence? | Five years
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| On what island chain did Darwin make many of his major discoveries? | Galapagos Islands
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| What were the main organisms and the traits that he observed? | Finches
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| What did Lamarck believe about evolution? | Lamarck believed that if you use something then use pass that trait on, but if you don't use that trait then you don't pass it on.
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| What mechanism did Darwin suggest as the driving factor of evolution? | Natural Selection
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| Describe how natural selection works. | Populations evolve, amplify or diminish heritable traits. If the environment changes them the animal with the best traits live & the bad traits die. Some traits are better at surviving.
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| What must a population have in order to experience evolution or natural selection? | Variation
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| Explain evolution is a never ending process that never leads to perfection. | Evolution is a change because of the environment. We will have to keep changing with the environment.
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| Why might an organism be the most "fit" today, but in five years, those same traits may be considered "unfit"? | The environment changes & we might not have the trait needed anymore.
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| What is microevolution? | A small change in the gene pool
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| Does natural selection / evolution act upon the genotype or the phenotype of an individual? | Phenotype
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| Explain why evolution is an "indirect force". |
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| Explain how washing your hands can cause evolution. | There becomes less variation in bacteria because you killed the bacteria that was not resistant so the ones that are resistant reproduced.
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| What is a gene pool? | Total collection of genes in a population at any one time that may be passed on to the next generation.
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| What is allele frequency? | How often a certain allele is in the gene pool
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| How does mutation affect the genes of a population? | Introduces new genes to a population.
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| How does sexual reproduction help to increase variation within a population? | Makes sure genes get randomly passed on.
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| How does Hardy-Weinberg tell if evolution is occurring? | Hardy-Weinberg can show a change in the relative frequencies of alleles
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| What are the five main causes for genetic change? | 1) Natural Selection
2) Genetic Drift
3) Gene Flow
4) Mutation
5) Sexual Selection (Non-Random Mating)
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| How does non-random mating affect the genetics of a population? | Individuals choose certain characteristics to pass on & then there is less variation between individuals. Could lead to a weaker population.
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| What is gene flow? | Movement of individuals or gametes / spores between population & can alter allele frequencies in a population (migration).
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| What is genetic drift? How do finches show this? | Change in the gene pool of a population due to chance (random). Ex: earthquake. The finches show the founder effect.
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| What is the bottleneck effect? | A loss of genetic diversity when a population is greatly reduced due to natural disasters.
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| What is the founder effect? | When a few individuals colonize a new habitat. Start with limited genes in the population.
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| What is relative fitness? | The contribution it makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contribution of other individuals . Your ability to survive & reproduce.
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| What is stabilizing selection? | Favors intermediate phenotypes, acting against extreme phenotypes. Variation is less. Extremes go away.
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| What is directional selection? | Acts against individuals at one of the phenotypic extremes.
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| What is disruptive selection? | Favors individuals at both extremes of the phenotypic range. Leads to new species.
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| What is sexual selection? | When you choose your mate based on phenotype.
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| What is a species according to the biological species concept? | A group of populations who live in the same place, interbreed in nature, and produce fertile offspring.
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| What definition would we use to determine what species a fossil is? Why can't we use the biological species concept for this? | Morphological species concept classifies organisms based on physical appearance.
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| What is reproductive isolation? | Prevents members of different species from mating with each other. Prevents flow between species & maintains separate species.
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| What are reproductive barriers? | Anything that causes reproductive isolation.
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| What is a prezygotic barrier? What are the five types of this? | Prezygotic barriers prevent mating or fertilization between species. 1) Habitat Isolation 2) Temporal Isolation 3) Behavioral Isolation 4) Mechanical Isolation 5) Gametic Isolation 6) Geographically Separated.
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| What is a postzygotic barrier? What are the three types of this? | Prevents proper development. 1) Reduced Hybrid Viability 2) Reduced Hybrid Fertility 3) Hybrid Breakdown
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| What is allopatric speciation? | Population of the same species are geographically separated, Isolating their gene pools. Caused bulk of different organisms
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| What is sympatric speciation? | Occurs when a new species arises within the same geographic areas as a parent species. Become unable to reproduce
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| What is adaptive radiation? How do the finches exhibit this? | The evolution of many diverse species from a common ancestor. The finches are 14 different species but all came from 1 animal
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| What is gradualism? When does this type of speciation occur? | Very slow constant change. When environment changes slowly
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| What is punctuated equilibrium? When does this type of speciation occur? | Species change most as they arrive from an ancestral species & them experience relatively little changes for the rest of their existence. Rapid change then stay the same for a long, earth changes rapidly.
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| Explain whether natural selection / evolution is a planned process or a random process. | Random you can't predict what the environment will look like.
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Created by:
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