Vocabulary
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| Fast 5 | 1) Knock, identify yourself (name and title), greet resident by name 2) Wash hands 3) Explain procedure 4) Pull curtain/door for privacy 5) After care, leave call light in reach, thank them, ask if anything else needed + announce that you are leaving
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| Medicare | 65 or older; under 65 disabled + can't work
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| Medicare Part A | Pays for hospital/skilled nursing/hospice/home health
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| Medicare Part B | Doctor services + equipment
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| Medicare Part C | Private health insurance
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| Medicare Part D | Medications
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| Medicaid | Low income or special circumstance; residents covered by this after 1st 100 days; run by both federal/state
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| ADL | Activities of daily living
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| NAs do not | insert/remove tubes, meds, sterile tech, Dr. orders, communicate medical info to resident/family
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| chain of command | NAs > staff nurses > charge nurse > nursing supervisor > minimum data set coordinator > staff development coordinator > assistant dir of nursing > dir of nursing > medical dir > administrator
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| Qualities NAs should have | patience, honesty, courtesy, tolerance, empathy, conscientious, dependability, enthusiasm, humbleness
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| 5 rights of delegation | Right task, right circumstance, right person, right direction/communication, right supervision/evaluation
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| nursing process | ADPIE - Assess, Diagnose, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation
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| objective | Based on what you see, smell, hear, feel; signs
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| subjective | Resident or family reported; "symptoms"
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| orientation | Resident's awareness of person, place, and time
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| visually impaired | Knock/introduce yourself, orient with imaginary clock to explain position
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| defense mechanisms | unconscious behaviors used to help a person cope with stress; denial, displacement, projection, rationalization, repression, regression
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| denial | rejecting thought or feeling
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| displacement | transferring feeling to something/someone less threatening
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| projection | seeing feelings in others that are actually one's own
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| rationalization | making excuses
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| repression | blocking painful events/feelings
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| regression | reverting back to past behavior
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| systolic pressure | 100-150 mL of mercury; heart contracts, pushing blood to extremities
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| diastolic pressure | 60-90 mL
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| systolic normal range | 90 < x < 160
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| diastolic normal range | 60 < x < 90
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| localized infection | specific part of body infected
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| systemic infection | pathogens entered and spread through bloodstream
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| chain of infection | Pathogen, reservoir, point of exit, transmission mode, portal of entry, susceptible host
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| direct contact | touching infected
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| indirect contact | touching contaminated object
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| fomite | contaminated object
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| catheters | tubes inserted into urinary tract, skin, or body opening
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| tuberculosis | airborne
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| flu, mumps | droplets
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| hepatitis/HIV | bloodborne
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| colitis | inflammation of colon
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| sepsis | blood infection
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| MDRO | multi drug resistant organism
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| MRSA | methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus
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| CA-MRSA | community associated methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus
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| VRE | vancomycin resistant enterococcus
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| C. diff | spore-forming bacterium; overuse of antibiotics kills normal intestinal flora and allows this to grow
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| nosocomial infections | originate from hospital
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| asepsis | clean and disinfected
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| disinfections | destroys pathogens only
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| sterilization | destroys all microorganisms including spores
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| autoclave | equipment that uses steam to sterilize
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| dyspaghia | difficulty swallowing
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| aspiration | inhaling foreign material into lungs
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| contractures | permanent + painful shortening of a muscle/tendon/ligament
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| shock | organs/tissues don't receive adequate blood
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| syncope | fainting (SING-coh-pee)
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| hypoglycemia | low blood glucose
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| epistaxis | nosebleed
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| myocardial infarcation | (MI) heart attack
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| diabetic ketoacidosis | (DKA) high blood sugar
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| seizures | involuntary muscle contractions; several types on pg 137
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| TIA | transient ischemic attack (partial blockage of blood vessel); warning sign of CVA
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| CVA | cerebralvascular accident
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| angina | pain in chest or arms caused by inadequate blood supply to heart
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| hemiplegia | paralysis on one side
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| hemiparesis | arm/leg numbness or weakness especially on one side
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| expressive aphasia | slur/inability to speak
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| receptive aphasia | inability to understand spoken/written words
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| emesis | vomiting
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| perineal | genitals/anal area
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| OBRA | Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act; standardized training, staffing requirements, state registry, MDS, 75 training hours minimum
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| HIPAA | Health Insurance Portability Accountability Act
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| Act 13 | Mandated reporter
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| Act 14 | state law; OBRA rules
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| Report all abuse within | 2 hours
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| lateral | lying on side
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| High Fowler's Position | patient is sitting the most upright position possible. They are usually sitting 60 to 90 degrees in relation the lower body.
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| Semi-Fowler's Position | patient is laying down in a supine position with his or her upper body 30 to 45 degrees in the air.
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| Low Fowler's Position | bed is elevated 15 to 30 degrees. This position is optimal for patient rest.
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| logrolling | push w/ shoulder + hip, moving person as unit
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| Sims' | lying on left side w/ upper knee flexed towards chest; used for bowel movement procedures
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| integumentary system | skin, hair, fingernails
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| If resident is inactive, these can result: | pressure ulcers, constipation, blood clots, pneumonia, atrophy/contractures
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| foot drop | weakness in feet and ankles interferes with flexion
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| orthotics | splints, braces
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| AAROM | active assisted range of motion
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| abduction | moving away
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| adduction | moving towards body
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| extension | straightening
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| flexion | bending body part
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| dorsiflexion | bending backward
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| plantarflexion | bending forward
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| baseline | initial value that can be compared to future measurements; usually vital signs, weight, cognitive functions
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| edentulous | no teeth
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| additive | substance added to another substance e.g. Aveeno
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| edema | swelling due to increased fluid in body
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| halitosis | bad breath
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| gingivitis | gum inflammation
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| pediculosis | lice
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| dandruff | dryness of scalp
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| parasomnias | sleep disorders
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| somnambulism | sleep walking
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| bruxism | grinding/clenching teeth
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| sleep apnea | disruption of breathing
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| decubitus ulcer | pressure ulcer
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| colostomy | opening into large intestine
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| peristalsis | muscular contractions that push food
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| chyme | semi-liquid substance
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| Anyone under tube feeding | must be upright at least 30 degrees
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| pulse oximeter | measures oxygen in blood and pulse rate
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| dialysis | cleans body wastes that kidneys cannot remove
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| telemetry | cardiac monitoring device
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| pneumothorax | collection of air or gas in the chest or pleural space that causes part or all of a lung to collapse
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| hemothorax | presence of blood in the pleural space
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| empyema | collection of pus in the space between the lung and the inner surface of the chest wall (pleural space)
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| total parenteral nutrition | hyperalimentation, receives nutrients intravenously
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| Crohn's disease | form of inflammatory bowel disease, causes digestive tract inflammation
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| ulcerative colitis | inflammation of colon
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| diverticulosis | disorder of intestinal wall of colon
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| diverticulitis | inflammation inside sacs where stool/bacteria become trapped
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| flatulence | excessive air in digestive tract
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| irritable bowel syndrome | chronic condition of colon; relieved by Sims' position and supine
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| enema | specific amount of fluid w/ or w/o an additive introduced into the colon to stimulate stool elimination
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| suppository | medication given rectally
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| fecal impaction | build up of dry feces in rectum
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| hemorrhoids | enlarged veins in rectum
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| occult | hidden blood detected by microscope/chemical test
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| ileostomy | surgical opening at end of small intestine
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| Heart has 2 sets of | atria (upper chambers) and ventricles (lower)
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| right atrium is where | deoxygenated blood is received
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| deoxygenated blood comes from the | superior vena cava and inferior vena cava
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| systole | ventricles (lower chambers) contract; blood moves out of these chambers and into arteries
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| diastole | ventricles (lower chambers) relax and fill again
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| erythrocytes | red blood cells
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| thrombosis | clots of platelets (thrombocytes)
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| leukocytes | white blood cells
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| hypertension | high blood pressure (140/90 or higher); hardening/narrowing of blood vessels
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| occlusion | obstruction of blood vessel
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| ischemia | lack of blood supply
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| coronary artery disease | arteries become damaged, building up plaque and narrowing arteries
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| myocardial ischemia | heart muscle does not receive enough blood
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| angina pectoris | chest pain, pressure, discomfort
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| stable angina | chest pain that occurs w/ activity/stress
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| unstable angina | chest pain that occurs @ rest
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| myocardial infarction | all/part of blood flow blocked and cells begin to die
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| peripheral vascular disease | blood supply to extremities decreased
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| phlebitis | inflammation of veins in lower extremities
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| congestive heart failure | when 1 or both sides of heart stop pumping effectively
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| orthopnea | shortness of breath (dyspnea) that occurs when lying flat, causing the person to have to sleep propped up in bed or sitting in a chair
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| hypoxia | condition in which body receives inadequate oxygen
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| chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 2 chronic diseases that are progressive (grow worse); emphysema and chronic bronchitis
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| chronic bronchitis | inflammation of the lining of bronchi; acute is caused by infection
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| emphysema | walls between alveoli become overstretched, air sacs weaken and break
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| bronchiectasis | bronchi permanently dilated and damaged
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| chest percussion | clapping the chest to help lungs drain
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| pneumonia | inflammation of lungs; air sacs fill w/ liquid; rapid pulse, chest pain, fever, etc.
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| tuberculosis | contagious disease, latent and disease
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| hemoptysis | coughing up of blood or blood-stained mucus from the bronchi, larynx, trachea, or lungs
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| spirometer | deep breathing device
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| nasal cannula | set of 2 prongs which are placed into the nostrils and behind the ears
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| bursae | tiny sacs of fluid that are located near joints
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| tendons | strong bands that connect bones/cartilage, support joints
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| muscular dystrophy | inherited, progressive disease that wastes away muscles
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| osteopenia | pre-osteoporosis
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| osteoarthritis | degenerative joint disease, cartilage erodes
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| rheumatoid arthritis | affects synovial membrane; autoimmune
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| fibromylagia | follows surgery/stress/infection, no absolute cause; chronic widespread pain and a heightened pain response to pressure
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| bursitis | bursae become inflamed
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| adduction of hip | hip cannot be flexed more than 90 degrees
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| cerebrovascular accident | blood supply blocked from brain
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| transient ischemic attack | temporary loss of oxygen/blood to brain
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| hemianopsia | decreased vision or blindness in half the visual field
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| Parkinson's disease | neurons that produce dopamine begin to break down and die
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| multiple sclerosis | loss of myelin, covering of nerves and spinal cord; cannot send clear messages from and to brain any more
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| cataract | eyes foggy
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| glaucoma | pressure in eye increases, damaging optic nerve
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| macular degeneration | macula degenerates, vision lost
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| ocular prosthetic | fake eye
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| otitis media | infection in middle ear
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| Meniere's disease | disorder of the inner ear
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| delirium | disorganized thinking; problems with speech, decreased ability to move, hallucinations, etc.
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| Alzheimer's disease | proteins build up in and around nerve cells, causing dementia
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| pituitary | base of brain, attached to hypothalmus; controls other glands
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| thyroid | below larynx; metabolism/growth
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| parathyroid | 4 of them, produces hormones; vitamin D, calcium, and phosphates
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| thymus | below thyroid
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| adrenals | producing certain steroid hormones, including aldosterone and cortisol. Each gland also contains an inner adrenal medulla, which produces adrenaline and noradrenaline. Aldosterone controls blood pressure w/ potassium and sodium
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| pancreas | behind stomach, insulin production
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| hypothyroidism | body processes slow down bc antibodies attack thyroid
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| hyperthyroidism | metabolism too fast
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| diabetes mellitus | high blood sugar
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| diabetic ketoacidosis | low blood sugar
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| sphincter | opens/closes opening in body
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| micturition | urination
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| metastasize | to spread
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| Kegel exercise | lean forward if issues w/ incontinence
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| chronic renal failure | kidneys cannot effectively filter waste products
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| urinary retention | bladder does not fully empty
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