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CNA Concepts/Vocab
Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Fast 5 | 1) Knock, identify yourself (name and title), greet resident by name 2) Wash hands 3) Explain procedure 4) Pull curtain/door for privacy 5) After care, leave call light in reach, thank them, ask if anything else needed + announce that you are leaving |
| Medicare | 65 or older; under 65 disabled + can't work |
| Medicare Part A | Pays for hospital/skilled nursing/hospice/home health |
| Medicare Part B | Doctor services + equipment |
| Medicare Part C | Private health insurance |
| Medicare Part D | Medications |
| Medicaid | Low income or special circumstance; residents covered by this after 1st 100 days; run by both federal/state |
| ADL | Activities of daily living |
| NAs do not | insert/remove tubes, meds, sterile tech, Dr. orders, communicate medical info to resident/family |
| chain of command | NAs > staff nurses > charge nurse > nursing supervisor > minimum data set coordinator > staff development coordinator > assistant dir of nursing > dir of nursing > medical dir > administrator |
| Qualities NAs should have | patience, honesty, courtesy, tolerance, empathy, conscientious, dependability, enthusiasm, humbleness |
| 5 rights of delegation | Right task, right circumstance, right person, right direction/communication, right supervision/evaluation |
| nursing process | ADPIE - Assess, Diagnose, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation |
| objective | Based on what you see, smell, hear, feel; signs |
| subjective | Resident or family reported; "symptoms" |
| orientation | Resident's awareness of person, place, and time |
| visually impaired | Knock/introduce yourself, orient with imaginary clock to explain position |
| defense mechanisms | unconscious behaviors used to help a person cope with stress; denial, displacement, projection, rationalization, repression, regression |
| denial | rejecting thought or feeling |
| displacement | transferring feeling to something/someone less threatening |
| projection | seeing feelings in others that are actually one's own |
| rationalization | making excuses |
| repression | blocking painful events/feelings |
| regression | reverting back to past behavior |
| systolic pressure | 100-150 mL of mercury; heart contracts, pushing blood to extremities |
| diastolic pressure | 60-90 mL |
| systolic normal range | 90 < x < 160 |
| diastolic normal range | 60 < x < 90 |
| localized infection | specific part of body infected |
| systemic infection | pathogens entered and spread through bloodstream |
| chain of infection | Pathogen, reservoir, point of exit, transmission mode, portal of entry, susceptible host |
| direct contact | touching infected |
| indirect contact | touching contaminated object |
| fomite | contaminated object |
| catheters | tubes inserted into urinary tract, skin, or body opening |
| tuberculosis | airborne |
| flu, mumps | droplets |
| hepatitis/HIV | bloodborne |
| colitis | inflammation of colon |
| sepsis | blood infection |
| MDRO | multi drug resistant organism |
| MRSA | methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus |
| CA-MRSA | community associated methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus |
| VRE | vancomycin resistant enterococcus |
| C. diff | spore-forming bacterium; overuse of antibiotics kills normal intestinal flora and allows this to grow |
| nosocomial infections | originate from hospital |
| asepsis | clean and disinfected |
| disinfections | destroys pathogens only |
| sterilization | destroys all microorganisms including spores |
| autoclave | equipment that uses steam to sterilize |
| dyspaghia | difficulty swallowing |
| aspiration | inhaling foreign material into lungs |
| contractures | permanent + painful shortening of a muscle/tendon/ligament |
| shock | organs/tissues don't receive adequate blood |
| syncope | fainting (SING-coh-pee) |
| hypoglycemia | low blood glucose |
| epistaxis | nosebleed |
| myocardial infarcation | (MI) heart attack |
| diabetic ketoacidosis | (DKA) high blood sugar |
| seizures | involuntary muscle contractions; several types on pg 137 |
| TIA | transient ischemic attack (partial blockage of blood vessel); warning sign of CVA |
| CVA | cerebralvascular accident |
| angina | pain in chest or arms caused by inadequate blood supply to heart |
| hemiplegia | paralysis on one side |
| hemiparesis | arm/leg numbness or weakness especially on one side |
| expressive aphasia | slur/inability to speak |
| receptive aphasia | inability to understand spoken/written words |
| emesis | vomiting |
| perineal | genitals/anal area |
| OBRA | Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act; standardized training, staffing requirements, state registry, MDS, 75 training hours minimum |
| HIPAA | Health Insurance Portability Accountability Act |
| Act 13 | Mandated reporter |
| Act 14 | state law; OBRA rules |
| Report all abuse within | 2 hours |
| lateral | lying on side |
| High Fowler's Position | patient is sitting the most upright position possible. They are usually sitting 60 to 90 degrees in relation the lower body. |
| Semi-Fowler's Position | patient is laying down in a supine position with his or her upper body 30 to 45 degrees in the air. |
| Low Fowler's Position | bed is elevated 15 to 30 degrees. This position is optimal for patient rest. |
| logrolling | push w/ shoulder + hip, moving person as unit |
| Sims' | lying on left side w/ upper knee flexed towards chest; used for bowel movement procedures |
| integumentary system | skin, hair, fingernails |
| If resident is inactive, these can result: | pressure ulcers, constipation, blood clots, pneumonia, atrophy/contractures |
| foot drop | weakness in feet and ankles interferes with flexion |
| orthotics | splints, braces |
| AAROM | active assisted range of motion |
| abduction | moving away |
| adduction | moving towards body |
| extension | straightening |
| flexion | bending body part |
| dorsiflexion | bending backward |
| plantarflexion | bending forward |
| baseline | initial value that can be compared to future measurements; usually vital signs, weight, cognitive functions |
| edentulous | no teeth |
| additive | substance added to another substance e.g. Aveeno |
| edema | swelling due to increased fluid in body |
| halitosis | bad breath |
| gingivitis | gum inflammation |
| pediculosis | lice |
| dandruff | dryness of scalp |
| parasomnias | sleep disorders |
| somnambulism | sleep walking |
| bruxism | grinding/clenching teeth |
| sleep apnea | disruption of breathing |
| decubitus ulcer | pressure ulcer |
| colostomy | opening into large intestine |
| peristalsis | muscular contractions that push food |
| chyme | semi-liquid substance |
| Anyone under tube feeding | must be upright at least 30 degrees |
| pulse oximeter | measures oxygen in blood and pulse rate |
| dialysis | cleans body wastes that kidneys cannot remove |
| telemetry | cardiac monitoring device |
| pneumothorax | collection of air or gas in the chest or pleural space that causes part or all of a lung to collapse |
| hemothorax | presence of blood in the pleural space |
| empyema | collection of pus in the space between the lung and the inner surface of the chest wall (pleural space) |
| total parenteral nutrition | hyperalimentation, receives nutrients intravenously |
| Crohn's disease | form of inflammatory bowel disease, causes digestive tract inflammation |
| ulcerative colitis | inflammation of colon |
| diverticulosis | disorder of intestinal wall of colon |
| diverticulitis | inflammation inside sacs where stool/bacteria become trapped |
| flatulence | excessive air in digestive tract |
| irritable bowel syndrome | chronic condition of colon; relieved by Sims' position and supine |
| enema | specific amount of fluid w/ or w/o an additive introduced into the colon to stimulate stool elimination |
| suppository | medication given rectally |
| fecal impaction | build up of dry feces in rectum |
| hemorrhoids | enlarged veins in rectum |
| occult | hidden blood detected by microscope/chemical test |
| ileostomy | surgical opening at end of small intestine |
| Heart has 2 sets of | atria (upper chambers) and ventricles (lower) |
| right atrium is where | deoxygenated blood is received |
| deoxygenated blood comes from the | superior vena cava and inferior vena cava |
| systole | ventricles (lower chambers) contract; blood moves out of these chambers and into arteries |
| diastole | ventricles (lower chambers) relax and fill again |
| erythrocytes | red blood cells |
| thrombosis | clots of platelets (thrombocytes) |
| leukocytes | white blood cells |
| hypertension | high blood pressure (140/90 or higher); hardening/narrowing of blood vessels |
| occlusion | obstruction of blood vessel |
| ischemia | lack of blood supply |
| coronary artery disease | arteries become damaged, building up plaque and narrowing arteries |
| myocardial ischemia | heart muscle does not receive enough blood |
| angina pectoris | chest pain, pressure, discomfort |
| stable angina | chest pain that occurs w/ activity/stress |
| unstable angina | chest pain that occurs @ rest |
| myocardial infarction | all/part of blood flow blocked and cells begin to die |
| peripheral vascular disease | blood supply to extremities decreased |
| phlebitis | inflammation of veins in lower extremities |
| congestive heart failure | when 1 or both sides of heart stop pumping effectively |
| orthopnea | shortness of breath (dyspnea) that occurs when lying flat, causing the person to have to sleep propped up in bed or sitting in a chair |
| hypoxia | condition in which body receives inadequate oxygen |
| chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 2 chronic diseases that are progressive (grow worse); emphysema and chronic bronchitis |
| chronic bronchitis | inflammation of the lining of bronchi; acute is caused by infection |
| emphysema | walls between alveoli become overstretched, air sacs weaken and break |
| bronchiectasis | bronchi permanently dilated and damaged |
| chest percussion | clapping the chest to help lungs drain |
| pneumonia | inflammation of lungs; air sacs fill w/ liquid; rapid pulse, chest pain, fever, etc. |
| tuberculosis | contagious disease, latent and disease |
| hemoptysis | coughing up of blood or blood-stained mucus from the bronchi, larynx, trachea, or lungs |
| spirometer | deep breathing device |
| nasal cannula | set of 2 prongs which are placed into the nostrils and behind the ears |
| bursae | tiny sacs of fluid that are located near joints |
| tendons | strong bands that connect bones/cartilage, support joints |
| muscular dystrophy | inherited, progressive disease that wastes away muscles |
| osteopenia | pre-osteoporosis |
| osteoarthritis | degenerative joint disease, cartilage erodes |
| rheumatoid arthritis | affects synovial membrane; autoimmune |
| fibromylagia | follows surgery/stress/infection, no absolute cause; chronic widespread pain and a heightened pain response to pressure |
| bursitis | bursae become inflamed |
| adduction of hip | hip cannot be flexed more than 90 degrees |
| cerebrovascular accident | blood supply blocked from brain |
| transient ischemic attack | temporary loss of oxygen/blood to brain |
| hemianopsia | decreased vision or blindness in half the visual field |
| Parkinson's disease | neurons that produce dopamine begin to break down and die |
| multiple sclerosis | loss of myelin, covering of nerves and spinal cord; cannot send clear messages from and to brain any more |
| cataract | eyes foggy |
| glaucoma | pressure in eye increases, damaging optic nerve |
| macular degeneration | macula degenerates, vision lost |
| ocular prosthetic | fake eye |
| otitis media | infection in middle ear |
| Meniere's disease | disorder of the inner ear |
| delirium | disorganized thinking; problems with speech, decreased ability to move, hallucinations, etc. |
| Alzheimer's disease | proteins build up in and around nerve cells, causing dementia |
| pituitary | base of brain, attached to hypothalmus; controls other glands |
| thyroid | below larynx; metabolism/growth |
| parathyroid | 4 of them, produces hormones; vitamin D, calcium, and phosphates |
| thymus | below thyroid |
| adrenals | producing certain steroid hormones, including aldosterone and cortisol. Each gland also contains an inner adrenal medulla, which produces adrenaline and noradrenaline. Aldosterone controls blood pressure w/ potassium and sodium |
| pancreas | behind stomach, insulin production |
| hypothyroidism | body processes slow down bc antibodies attack thyroid |
| hyperthyroidism | metabolism too fast |
| diabetes mellitus | high blood sugar |
| diabetic ketoacidosis | low blood sugar |
| sphincter | opens/closes opening in body |
| micturition | urination |
| metastasize | to spread |
| Kegel exercise | lean forward if issues w/ incontinence |
| chronic renal failure | kidneys cannot effectively filter waste products |
| urinary retention | bladder does not fully empty |
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