Biology FINAL
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| four groups of carbs | carbs, lipids, protiens, nucliec acids
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| monemers of carbs | monochacharides
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| monemers of lipids | glycerol and faty acids
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| monemers of protiens | amnio acids
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| monemers of nucleic acids | nuclotides
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| iodine solution | for starch, turns black if it is present
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| benedicts solution | for simple sugar, turns orange if present
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| buriet | for protiens, turns purple if it has protiens
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| green paper | for lipids , is translucent if it is presnet
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| how do enzymes act as catalysts | they speed up reactions and reduce the amount of activation energy required
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| mouth | michanical digestion, silivary amylase breaks starch into smaller carbs
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| esophagus | movement of food to stomach
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| stomach | churns food, pepsin breaks protiens into smaller protiens
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| small intestine | break down of all macromolecules into absorbale submits and absorption into the block or lacteal
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| large intestine | recieves all undigested material water reasorbtion occurs here
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| how is food moved in the digestive tract | perstalsis
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| protiens broken donw in the stomach | pepsogen mixed with HCL makes pepsin that breaks up the protiens
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| how do nutirents get into the blood | SI has villi that contian capilaries asorb small molecuels through diffusion
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| animal cells | are eukaryotew, have cnetrolies for division, have membrane bound orgenelles
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| plant cells | are eukaryoutes, has cell wall mad of cellose , has chloroplasts contains a large central vacolue, has membrane orglelles
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| bacterial cells | are prokaryotic, has a wall made of peptinoglychen
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| characteritcs of a prokaryote | lack a nucleus or membrane bound orgenells, small, contain nuclotidede region, plasmid, cell memebrane, cell wall, sometimes capsule
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| cahracteristics of eukaryotes | have a nucleus and memberane orgenells, large
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| where is DNA in prokaryotes | nucloid region
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| where is DNA in eukaryotes | nucleus
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| cell wall in bacteria | peptinoglycen
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| cell wall in plants | cellulose
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| mitochondria | provide energy, have a double matrix, inner- membrane of cristae, outer- membrane of matrix
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| lysomes | break down food, bacgteria, and worn out cell parts, made of globes of enzymes
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| ribosomes | where protein synthesis occurs, made of protiens and ribosomal RNA
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| how is bacteria clasifed | coccus - sphere , bacillus - rod , sprial
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| purines | adenine, glutmine
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| pyrmidnes | cytosine, thymine
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| cytosine pairs with | glutmine
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| adenine pairs with | thymine
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| phases of cell cycle | interphase, mitiosis
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| phases of interphase | G1, s, G2
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| G1 | cell growth, orgnelle replication
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| S | DNA relpication occurs - exact copies of chrosomes
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| G2 | final checks and preparation for mitosis
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| is interphase apart of mitiosis | no it is thte time when the cell is not dividing, but preparing to divide
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| leading | made in continious segments and goes from 5 to 3 prime
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| lagging | made in segments and goes from 3 to 5 prime
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| okazki fragments | peices that make up the lagging strand
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| DNA polymerase | adds new complementary DNA nuclotides
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| human stomatic cell chrosome count | 46
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| mitosis phases | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
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| prophase | chrosomes condense, nuclear membrane disapears
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| metaphase | spindle fibers go to th emiddle of the cell
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| anaphase | spindle fibers seperate going to opposide poles
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| telophase | nuclear membrane reapears producing two nuclei, clevage fruuow forms nd cytokenisis begins
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| cytokensis in plants | no clevage furrow - a cell plate made of celluose forms between th etwo cells
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| cytokensis in animals | cleavage furrow pinching it to split
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| cytokensis | division of the cytoplasm into 2 new daughter cells
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| cancer cell | an abnormal or uncontroled cell division where cells dont respond to cyclins for cell division
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| tumor suprsor genes | normal genes that inhibit cell division by activating check point protiens
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| proto oncogenres | normal genes that premote cell division
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| oncogenes | proto oncogens become these when mutated and make cells divide weather they are ready or not
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| how does as cell know to make protien | it gets a message from DNA
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| where does mRNA come from | it is transcribed from DNA
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| transription | process of copying a sequence of DNA into mRNA
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| where does trancription occur | in the nucleus
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| translation | the process of decoding mRNA into tRNA
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| wehre does trnaslation occur | in the ribosomes
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| what starts transcribtion | RNA polymerase and ogther protines bind to KNA strands
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| hydrolsis | add a molecuoe of water to break a bond
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| dehydration synthesis | lose a molecule of water to make a bond
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| introms | spliced out
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| exons | put together to make sequences
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| methyl-guanine cap | added to the 5" of the mRNA
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| poly- A tail | added to the 3" end of mRNA
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| what does a retrovirus like HIV do to convert RNA to DNA | employ enzymes to reverse trancription and make DNA from RNA
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| frameshift mutation | imbolves the insertion or deletion of a nuclotide in the DNA sequence, cause the most dammage,
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| what causes a frameshift mutation | an insertion or deletion
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| point mutation | involves the change of ONE nuclotide
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| what causes a point mutation | substution
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| pathway a proteins take after made | ribosome- ER- Golgi- vessicle- memberane
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| lytic | the host cells enzymes replicate the viral DNA, new viruses are made and the cell bursts open and releases them to infect new cells
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| lysogenic | the viral DNA incerts into cellular DNA and is copied when the cell repicates .
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| function of tRNA | to bring the approtate amino acids as they bind to complementary condons to the protien
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| how does tRNA know where to go in a ribosome to begin/condinue translation | antocodons on tRNA bind to its complementary mRNA codon at the ribosome
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| homologous chrosomes | chrosomes similar in structure and carry the same types of genes
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| end product of meiosis | 4 haploid cells
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| haploid | 1/2 set of chrosomes, n
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| diploid | full set of chrosomes, 2n
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| gametes | reproductive cells that must be haploid for reproduction to run smothly
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| gamete to zygote | 23 to 46
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| three thing that contribute to genetic varation | crossing over, independent assortment, random fertilazation
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| when does crossing over occur | prophase 1
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| when does independent assortment occur | anaphase 1
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| when does random fertilization occcur | after meiosis
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| crossing over | when homologous chrososmes swap genetic info when they are tetrads, results in different ofspring
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| if you dont see a trait in F1 but appears in F2 what kind of trait is it | ressive linked
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| antigens and antibodies for A blood | A antigens, B antiboides
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| antigens and antibodies for B blood | B antigens, A antibodies
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| antigens and antibodies for AB blood | A and B antigens, no antibodies
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| antigens and antibodies for O blood | no antigens, A and B antibodies
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| law of dominance |
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| codominance | where both alleles are expressed. EX: A blood crossed with B blood creates AB blood
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| multiple alleles |
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| incomplete dominance | the heterozygous condition results in a third blended party
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| what is the ratio for a dyhybrid cross of two parents with heterozygous alleles | 9-3-3-1
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| autosomal dominant pedigree | there is a person who has the trait in every generation and pops up alot
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| autosomal ressive pedigree | the trait can skip generations
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| sex linked pedigree | typically effects one gender more than the other
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| natural selection | he process in which ogranism adapt to their environment and tned to seuvive and produse more offspring
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| in the moth population what was the evironmental change | the color of the threes
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| in the moth populaion what was the selecting agent | the birds that ate the moths
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| directional selection | occurs when selection favors one extreme trait and the intermdiate trait and excludes an extreme
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| disruuptive seletion | occurs when the slelection favors the two extremes over the intermdiate trait that results in two groups
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| stablizing selection | occurs when selection favors the intermidaite trait value over the extremes
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| hardy weinburg | principle that describes a hypothetical situation where there is no change in the gene pool
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| p2 | homozygous dominant genotype
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| q2 | homozygous ressive genotype
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| 2pq | heterogygous genotype
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| p | dominant allele frequency
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| q | ressive allele frequency
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| if the calucated chi-square is above the cirtical value waht do you do | reject the null hypothesis
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| which patter of viral replication causes more harm | lytic
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Created by:
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