Study guide for science bee.
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| Plant cells and animal cells | nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth), Golgi apparatus, ribosome, cytoplasm, plasma membrane, mitochondrion, cytoskeleton
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| Animal cells | centriole, lysosomes, vesicles
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| Plant cells | chloroplasts, central vacuole, cell wall
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| Centrioles | micro-tubules that assist in cell division, are organized in 9 triplets
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| Gene | functional unit controlling inherited trait expressions
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| Protein Synthesis | Transcription and translation
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| Transcription | DNA polymerase unwinds DNA and binds to promoter region (TATAA sequence), RNA polymerase creates newly synthesized strand of mRNA, introns are removed from strand, 5 carbon end has protective cap, 3 carbon end has poly-A tail
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| Translation | mRNA moves to ribosome, tRNA is activated by special enzyme, tRNA uses anti-codons to read codons and code for an amino acid from mRNA sequence, tRNA reaches a stop codon and releases the newly made amino acid sequence
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| DNA/RNA | DNA is double stranded, RNA is single stranded, DNA has thymine base, RNA has uracil base, DNA has deoxyribose sugar, RNA has ribose sugar
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| Light/Electron Microscopes | light uses a series of lenses, electron uses magnets with a beam of electrons, light can show live specimens in color, electrons can only show dead specimens in black and white
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| Vascular tissues | specialized internal tubes that conduct water/minerals/sugars
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| Leaf Structure | upper epidermis, palisade layer (where chloroplasts are), spongy layer, lower epidermis
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| Monocots | single cotyledon, parallel veins in leaf, flower parts in multiples of 3
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| Dicots | 2 cotyledons, feather-like veins in leaf, flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5
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| Light Reaction | consists of photosystems, electron transport chains, ATP synthase, functions to make energy carrier molecules for second stage, requires water and light
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| Calvin Cycle | starts with carbon dioxide combining with RuBp, turns into 3-phosphoglycerate, uses energy carrier molecules to turn this into glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate (G3P), 2 of which make glucose, the rest used to make RuBp with rubisco enzyme to continue cycle
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| Photoperiods | flowering response of a plant based on number of hours of darkness received
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| Tropisms | plant's growth response to external stimulus, phototropism, gravitropism, thigmotropism
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| Lytic Cycle | virus enters host cell and injects genetic material, host cell replicates viral DNA, genes code for parts of a virus, new viruses are assembled, lytic cycle produces immediate infections such as common cold, flu
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| Lysogenic Cycle | viral DNA enters host cell's nucleus and becomes part of chromosomes, viral DNA stays dormant for a while and is permanent, genes are activated and virus parts are assembled and made into new viruses, produces latent infections such as HIV/AIDS, herpes
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| Plant hormones | auxin, gibberellins, cytokinin, ethylene
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| Auxin | stimulates elongation of plant cells by promoting flow of H+ ions into cell wall and out of cytoplasm, this weakens cell wall and expands cytoplasm by water influx, auxin inhibits growth of side branches/leaves, favors vertical growth
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| Gibberellins | mainly causes a plant to grow taller, it is transported by vascular tissues, is not present in all plants, only present in tall plants
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| Ethylene | gaseous hormone that causes ripening of fruits, works by weakening cell walls of plant cells and breaking down complex carbohydrates into simple sugars creating softer, sweeter fruits, is transported by the phloem
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| Cytokinin | promotes cell division with proteins needed for mitosis and cytokinesis
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| bacteria/eubacteria | cell walls made of peptidoglycan, some have second cell wall, others are photosynthetic bacteria
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| archaeabacteria | live in hostile environments (e.g. high salt concentration, high temperatures, etc.)
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| anaerobes | organisms that can live without oxygen
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| halophiles | live in high salt concentrations
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| methanogens | must live without oxygen, use carbon dioxide for respiration and emit methane
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| Bacteria/Archaea | different lipids in plasma membrane, archaea have ribosomal proteins similar to eukaryotic cells, bacteria have peptidoglycan in cell walls
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| Benefits of Bacteria | used to make foods such as yogurt, cheese, chocolate, buttermilk, pickles, normal flora thrive in normal human beings to protect against many other ailments, recycle nutrients, nitrogen fixation cycle, defense in the body
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| Disease Causing Bacteria | botulism, tooth cavities, cholera, strep throat, anthrax, tuberculosis, whooping cough, tetanus, typhoid fever, Lyme disease, etc.
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| Sponge Characteristics | no tissues/organs, no symmetry, have one body opening, 2 cell layers, when broken in 2 pieces, 2 new organisms will form, use filter feeders to get food, can reproduce asexually or sexually, most are hermaphrodites
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| Sponge Examples | desmosponge, glass sponge, calcareous sponge
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| Cnidarian Characteristics | 2 cell layers, one body opening, have tissues, tentacles, and symmetry, tentacle cells called cnidocytes use nematocyst capsules to capture prey, gastrovascular cavity digests prey, has a nervous system with a nerve net that conducts impulses
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| Cnidarian Examples | jellyfish, sea anemone
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| Flatworm Characteristics | thin/flat shaped body, definite head region, uses pharynx to capture slow moving prey, digests food with enzymes, cells use diffusion to move oxygen and nutrients around the body, use regeneration, and are hermaphrodites
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| Flatworm Examples | tapeworm, fluke
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| Roundworm Characteristics | fluid filled body cavities, use diffusion for oxygen and nutrients, act as decomposers, predators, or parasites, have muscles that allow thrashing movements, reproduce sexually but are not hermaphrodites
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| Roundworm Examples | trichinella worms
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| Mollusk Characteristics | complex tissues/organs, muscles, mantle membrane encloses internal organs, radula is tongue-like organ with teeth, scrapes food in mouth, uses gills in respiration, circulatory system, nephridia gets rid of wastes by filtering, sexual reproduction
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| Mollusk Examples | octopus, nudibranch, snails, clams
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| Segmented Worm (annelids) Characteristics | 2 body openings, bodies divided, rigid body is skeleton, digestion: pharynx, crop, gizzard, intestine, anus, closed circulatory, response to stimuli, contraction of circle muscles around segments, reproduce asexually/sexually (few are hermaphrodites)
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| Segmented Worm (annelids) Examples | earthworms, parasitic leech, marine worms
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| Arthropod Characteristics | exoskeletons with jointed appendages, molting, head, sometimes cephalothorax, thorax, abdomen, mandibles for digestions, book lungs, tracheal tubes, or gills, Malphigian tubules remove waste and preserve water, response to stimuli, reproduce sexually
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| Arthropod Examples | spiders, beetles, butterflies, crustaceans
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| Echinoderm Characteristics | endoskeletons, tube feet which are used for respiration, pedicellariae are pincers used to catch food, radial/bilateral symmetry, water vascular system: fluid filled tubes used for movement/food, sensory + motor neurons, regeneration, sexual reproduction
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| Echinoderm Examples | sea stars, sea urchins, sea lilies, feather stars, sea cucumbers
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| Protists | plantlike, animal-like, fungus-like, all in Domain Eukarya
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| Plantlike Protists | algae and euglenoids, autotrophs (perform photosynthesis), e.g. kelp
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| Animal-like Protists | protozoans that are heterotrophs, e.g. amoeba, paramecium
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| Fungus-like Protists | slime molds, mildew
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| Definition of Fungus | uni/multi-cellular eukaryote that absorbs nutrients from organic materials in its environment, heterotrophic, lack motility, have cell walls composed of chitin, hyphae filaments separated by septa cross walls
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| Types of Fungi | saprophytic, parasitic, mutualistic
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| Saprophytic Fungi | decomposers and recycle nutrients from dead organisms
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| Parasitic Fungi | absorb nutrients from living cells of a host, produce hyphae called haustoria to absorb host's nutrients
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| Mutualistic Fungi | exist with a mutualistic relationship with another organism, such as plant/alga
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| Lichens | symbiotic relationship between fungus and algae or another photosynthetic partner
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