final revew
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| occurs in nature | natural selection
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| causes a change in the DNA gametes | mutagen
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| causes birth defects | teratogen
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| causes cancer | carcinogen
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| likelihood of trait, breeder decides to breed organism | artificial selection
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| hybird offspring are what? | not fertile
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| organisms naturally mate with each other and can produce fertile offspring | species
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| Individuals at one end of the curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end. | directional
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| Individuals near the center of the curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end | stabilizing
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| Individuals at the upper and lower ends of the curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle | disruptive
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| Caused by random changes in allele frequencies in small populations | genetic drift
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| a change in allele frequency following a dramatic reduction in the size of a population | bottleneck
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| A situation in which allele frequencies change as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population | founder effect
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| Populations in different islands adapt to local environments | changes in the gene pool
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| Two new species living together on an island compete for seeds | Competition and Continued Evolution
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| A few finches from South America arrive on the Galapagos Islands | Founders Arrive
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| Finches choose mates carefully, preferring a mate with a beak close in size to their own | Behavioral Isolation
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| Finches on neighboring islands are unlikely to have contact with each other | Geographic Isolation
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| occurs when two species can no longer interbreed | reproductive
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| occurs when two populations develop different courtship rituals | behavioral
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| occurs when two populations are separated by rivers, mountains or large bodies of water | geographic
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| occurs when two species reproduce at different times | temporal
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| A species that is easily recognizable, existed for a relatively short period of time, and covered a wide geographic area may be used as a(n) | index fossil
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| species that have died out | extinct
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| layers of rock fossils are typically found in | sedimentary
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| scientists who study fossils | paleontologists
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| total collection of fossils on earth | fossil record
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| distinctive fossils used to establish and date ages of rock layers | index fossil
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| a technique for determining the actual age of a fossil | radiometric dating
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| the amount of time it takes for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay | half life
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| Paleogene | Cenozoic
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| Jurassic | Mesozoic
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| Permian | Paleozoic
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| The rate of speciation in a clade must be equal to or greater than the rate of extinction in order for a clade to survive. | true
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| Immediately after a mass extinction | biodiversity is dramatically reduced
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| The process in which a single species or a small group of species evolves into diverse forms that live in different ways is called | adaptive radiation.
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| The process by which unrelated organisms come to resemble one another is | convergent radiation
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| What contributed to the adaptive radiation of mammals? | the extinction of most dinosaurs
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| An example of convergent evolution? | sharks fin and dolphins limb
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| Which gas is most abundant in Earth’s atmosphere today? | nitrogen
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| Which gas was probably most abundant in the early atmosphere? | water vapor
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| Where did the water in the Earth’s oceans probably come from? | water vapor from volcanoes
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| Earth’s early atmosphere contained little or no | oxygen
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| In their experiment that modeled conditions on ancient Earth, Miller and Urey used electric sparks to simulate | lightning
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| Outlines of ancient cells that are preserved well enough to identify them as prokaryotes are | microfossils
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| Color or pattern resembles background environment of the organism | cryptic coloration
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| Changing color to match the environment | camoflague/color change?
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| Body shape resembles something in the environment | hide in plain sight
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| Striking coloration that warns off other animals, used as a threat | warning coloration
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| Non-dangerous organism develops color or pattern of a more dangerous organism | mimicry
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| evolution | Change of the allelic frequency in a gene pool over time
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| All of the genes in a breeding population | gene pool
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| What does natural selection act on? | Acts upon phenotypic variation present in the population
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| The frequency of alleles within a gene pool change by a chance event rather than by natural selection | genetic drift
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| What types of populations are usually most effected by genetic drift? | small
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| Allele frequencies change as the result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population | founder effect
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| Change in allele frequency following a dramatic reduction in the size of a population | bottleneck effect
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| What causes evolution to occur? | Genetic variations caused by DNA mutations and new gene combinations
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| species | are able to interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring
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| What is the first thing that must happen in order for a new species to develop? | Reproductive isolation
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| three types of isolation lead to reproduction isolation | Geographical Isolation Behavioral isolation Temporal isolation
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| When sexual receptiveness of two species occurs at different times they are not likely to mate | temporal isolation
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| when two species are physically separated by a natural barrier of some sort such as a river, mountain, ocean, construction of new road | geographic isolation
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| The courting rituals of two species has diverged | behavioral isolation
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| What was the early Earth’s atmosphere like? | Hot, volcanic, carbon dioxide, water vapor, nitrogen, ammonia, methane, no oceans as it was too hot for water to be in liquid form.
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| simple anaerobes, photosynthesis, aerobic organisms, eukaryotes, and multi-celled sea-life | the Precambrian Time
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| marine life | paleozoic era
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| age of reptiles | mesozoic era
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| age of humans | cenozoic era
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| sudden disappearance of many species at the same time usually due to drastic environmental changes | mass extinction
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| Miller and Urey’s experiment reveal | That, by reproducing the earth’s early environment as best they could, they were able to produce organic molecules such as amino acids, lactic acid, acetic acid, adenine, cytosine, uracil, and ATP out of inorganic molecules.
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| belief that living things could spring from non-living things | spontaneous generation
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| ex of spontaneous generation | meat produced maggots, mud produced eels, wheat and dirty rags produced mice
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| Francesco Redi’s experiment disproving spontaneous generation | meat in two containers; one selaed did not not have maggots
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| Needham and Spallanzani’s experiment | Needham boiled gravy; not sealed all way because thought needed air microbes grew
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| Louis Pasteur’s experiment | swan-neck flask boiled broth never got contaminated; broke off swan-neck became contaminated
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| What is the theory of biogenesis? | all living things come from other living things
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| selective permeable membranes, store and release energy, and are “cell-like” or proto-cells | protenoid microspheres
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| What was the evidence and when do we know prokaryotes were on the earth? | from 3.8 billion years ago.
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| Prokaryotic symbiosis led to eukaryotic cell organelles. | endosymbiotic theory
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| meteorite impact hypothesis | 65 mya a meteorite hit the earth causing a mass extinction that ended the age of the dinosaurs
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| What does mass extinction lead to? | many open niches.
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| empty niches and usually evolve into? | new adaptions
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| One species evolves into several different forms | adaptive radiation/divergent evolution
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| when unrelated species adopt similar strategies to solve a similar problem | convergent evolution
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| example of convergent evolution | analogous structures
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| ex of convergent evolution | homologous structures
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| human arm, dog foreleg, bat wing and whale fin | homologous structures
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| Same structure; different function | homologous structures
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| different underlying structure; same function | analogous structures
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| bird, fish, the icthyosauous, whale, shark, and penguin | analogous structures
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| the living thing evolve at a slow and steady rate L/; Darwin | gradualism
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| evolution occurs in spurts followed by long periods of equilibrium | punctuated equilibrium
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| Human-like organisms that walk on two feet, eat plants and animals, and have relatively large brains compare to their body | hominid
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| What is the first known species that led to today’s Homo sapiens sapiens (that’s us) after the split with the chimpanzees?? | Ardipithecus
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| What are the 3 domains of life? | Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya
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| What is the Archaea kingdom called and what are the characteristics of the organisms in this kingdom? | Archaebacteria, rokaryotic, unicellular organisms live in extreme conditions( thermophiles, halophiles, methagones)
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| What is the name of the kingdom under the Bacteria domain and what are their characteristics? | Eubacteria; prokaryotic, unicellular organisms; autotrophic or heterotrophic; live in niches reproduce binary fission
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| What are the Eukarya kingdoms? | Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
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| What are the characteristics of Protista (cell type, cell number, how they get their nourishment)? | eukaryotic; mostly uni few multi; auto/ heterotrophic, grab bag
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| What are the characteristics of Fungi | eukaryotic, mostly multicellular, non-motile; absorptive heterotrophs; decomposers
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| What are the characteristics of plants | eukaryotic; multicellular; autotrophs; non motile
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| What are the characteristics of animals | eukaryotic; multi; ingestive hetertrophs, motile
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| What are the three different way that bacteria can organize themselves? | Strepto
Staphylo
Diplo
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| in groups of 2 | diplo
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| in cluster | Staphylo
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| in chains | Strepto
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| What are the three different shapes of bacteria? | Coccus
Bacillus
Spirilla
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| sphere shaped | Coccus
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| spiral shaped | Spirilla
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| rod shaped | Bacillus
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| What would you call sphere shaped bacteria organized in a cluster? | Staphylococcus
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| What are the 3 modes of movement for bacteria? | Cilia, flagella, pseudopods.
Cilia, flagella, pseudopods.
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| What kind of environmental conditions do bacteria favor? | Moist, dark places of varying temperature.
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| What do you call an organism that requires oxygen to survive? | Obligate aerobe
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| What do you call an organism that can not tolerate oxygen? | Obligate anaerobe
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| What do you call an organism that prefers oxygen but can also tolerate atmospheric conditions where there is no oxygen? | Facultative anaerobe
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| Organisms that live off of and harm their hosts | parasites
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| Decomposers | saprobes
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| autotrophs | self-nourishers
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| heterotrophs | Other feeders
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| 3 types of Protists. | Algal protists
Fungal protists
Protozoans
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| What disease does the protozoan, amoeba, cause? | Dysentery
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| What disease does the protozoan, trypanosome, cause and what is its vector? | Tsetse fly
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| Name 6 types of invertebrates | Proifera
Echinoderms
Cniderian
Arthropods
Worms
Mollusk
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| What are the characteristics of Proifera (sponges)? | simple, asymmetrical, aquatic, have no tissues or organs and can regenerate
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| What are characteristics of Cnidarians? | medusa (domed) and polyp, they also have tentacles and stinging cells
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| Name 3 general types of worms | Flat worms
Round worms
Segmented worms
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| What are the characteristics of Mollusks? | soft muscular bodies and some have shells
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| Name 3 types of Mollusks? | Bivalves (oysters), Gastropods, Cephalopods
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| science of naming and grouping organisms | taxonomy
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| Modern systematists try to group organisms based on | evolutionary relationships
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| correct way to write scientific names in the binomial nomenclature system | the first word is capitalized
the second word is not capitalized
both words are italicized
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| a two word naming system | binomial nomenclature
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| the general term for a grouping in taxonomy | taxa
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| the largest taxonomic category | kingdom
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| between the kingdom and the class | phylum
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| taxonomy | kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
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| human taxonomy | Eukarya
Animalia
Chordate
Mammilia
Primates
Homilade
Homo
Sapiens
Homo Sapiens
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| A group that is limited to a common ancestor and all of its descendants | monophyletic group
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| A specific trait that is used to construct a cladogram | derived character
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| A branch of a cladogram that consists of a single common ancestor | a clade
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| study of how living and extinct organisms are related to one another | phylogeny
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| Unicelled organisms that lack nuclei and have cell walls made with peptidoglycan | Eubacteria
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| paramecium | Flagellum
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| Cilia | sperm
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| Pseupods | amoeba
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| What are the characteristics of Amphibians? | Larva have gills
Adults have lungs
Ecothermic
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| What are the characteristics of reptiles? | Dry scaly skin
Ectothermic
Lay shelled eggs
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| What are the characteristics of birds? | Feathers and wings
Endothermic
Light skeleton
Lay shelled eggs
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| characteristics of mammals? | Hair or fur
Endothermic
Produce milk
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| carry offspring in pouches | Marsupials
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| Monotremes | lay eggs
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| placental | live offspring
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| What is a controversial 7th kingdom | Non-cellular viruses
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| Why was it necessary to classify all living things? | To avoid confusion. Common names vary in different languages and place to place. Need consensus about the names of things.
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| How did Aristotle classify living things? | either plants or animals
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| Who was John Ray and how did he propose to classify/name organisms? | long detailed latin names
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| How many taxa did his original system have and how was it organized? | 4 taxa originally; heiarchy
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| How many taxa are there today and what are they (ranging from most general to very specific)? | 7
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| first word | genus
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| second word | species
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| What does the term “alternation of generations” refer to? | 2 alternating phases: diploid and haploid
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| How has the period of time a plant spends in the gametophyte phase changed over the evolution of plants? | gametophyte phase has shortened and the sporophyte phase had increased.
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| what is the term for the female reproductive organ where eggs are formed | archegonia
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| both grasses and mosses are examples of plants | true
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| chlorophyll a and b are located in chloroplasts | true
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| plants require oxygen for cellular respiration | true
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| bryophytes stay small because they lack vascular tissue | true
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| the gameophyte is the dominant stage of bryophytes | true
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| carries substances from roots to stems and leaves | xylem
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| carries substances from leaves throughout the plant body | phloem
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| encases the seeds of flowering plants | fruits
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| seed plants that produce flowers and fruit | angiosperm
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| corns, beans, and pine nuts | seeds
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| attract animal pollinators | flowers
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| the period when flowering plants first appeared | Cretaceous
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| flower parts in multiples of 3 | monocots
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| flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5 | dicots
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| fertilized egg in an ovule becomes the zygote of a new sporophyte | true
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| structures that produce male gameophyte | anthers
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| In ferns, what is the name of the organ that produces eggs? | archegonia
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| Which species are all land plants thought to have evolved from? | green algae
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| ovary becomes | fruit
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| both male and female parts | perfect flower
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| Seeds dispersed by animals are typically | enclosed in fleshy, nutritious fruits
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| What kind of root does a monocot have? | A fibrous root.
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| How long can embryonic plants stay dormant in its protective seed coating? | From 10 to 1000 years
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| How are the veins of a monocot plant arranged? | parallel to each other on the leaf
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| What is a gymnosperm? | naked seed
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| What 3 conditions must be optimal for a seed to germinate? | The amount of water, oxygen, and temperature.
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| the seed “sprouts'' | germination
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| What do the terms “monocot” and “dicot” refer to? | number of leaves within the seed
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| In seed plants, where is the male gametophyte contained? | pollen grain
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| swollen underground stems used for storage | tubers (ex; potatoes)
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| a plant embryo and food supply, encased in a protective covering | seed
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| In seed plants, in what structures do the gametes develop | cones or flowers
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| Flowering plants that bear their seeds in flowers inside a layer of tissue that protects the seeds. | angiosperm
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| the transfer of pollen from the male reproductive structures to the female reproductive structures | pollination
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| What is contained within a pollen grain? | two sperm
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| Which part of the flower becomes the seed | ovule
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| have small baby plants growing on the parent plant | plantlets (ex kalanchoe)
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| An embryonic plant leaf within the seed | cotyledon
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| creates a passage for the sperm to travel to fertilize the egg | pollen tube
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| What part of the plant contains sperm? | anther
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| What is the purpose of the seed coat? | protection harsh environments
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| List different kinds of pollinators | birds, beeds, mammals
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| In ferns, what is the name of the organ that produces sperm? | antheridia
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| How are angiosperm seeds dispersed? | wind, water, attaching to animals passing by
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| In moss, what is the term for the male reproductive organ where sperm are formed ? | antheridium
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| sprout and grow short stems and maybe some leaves the first year and grows new stems, leaves, flowers, and seed before dying in the second year | biennal
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| How are the veins of a dicot leaf arranged? | branch out
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| carbohydrates and products of photosynthesis | phloem
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| H20 and nutrients increase | xylem
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| What are the structures found in a seed? What are the structures found in a seed? | cotyledons, epicotyls, hypocotyls, radicles, and endosperm
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| What part of the plant develops from the epicotyl? | cotyledon leaves and leaves
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| What is an imperfect flower? | either a male or a female reproductive part of a plant
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| How are the vascular tissues in a monocot arranged? | scattered; all throughout
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| source of food for the embryonic plant and during germination | endosperm
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| How are the vascular tissues in a dicot arranged? | arranged in a ring in the stem; around the edge
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| What kind of plant reproduction doesn’t require seeds? | asexual
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| horizontal roots above the ground | runners (es; strawberries + grass)
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| What kind of root does a dicot have? | tap
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| If a plant had 12 petals, how can you tell if it is a monocot or dicot? | determine how the veins run
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| List different adaptations of angiosperms that attract pollinators. | Petals of different colors, nectar, oils, mimic mates,
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| thick button-shaped underground stem that store food | Corms (ex bananas,gladiolus, begonias)
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| What are the 2 types of plant support systems? | woody
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| water; turgor pressure | non woody
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| What are the three main types of animal support systems? | None
Mineral support
Skeletal support
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| What are the characteristics of a “none” or no skeletal support system? | usually live in water, are slow moving
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| What are the 2 different types of skeletal support systems? | Exoskeletons and endoskeletons
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| pain and stiffness caused by loss of cartilage | oseoarthitis
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| rib cage | axial
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| shoulders | appendicular
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| What are exoskeleton composed of? | Chitin & living tissue made of carbohydrate and proteins
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| What are 4 functions of the exoskeleton | support
improve movement
protection
prevent water loss
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| What are the disadvantages of having an exoskeleton | limits the size of the adult
must molt
vulnerable after molting
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| What are the characteristics of an endoskeleton? What are they made of? | living tissue made up of living cells and non-living minerals such as calcium and phosphorus; internal
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| What are the 6 functions of endoskeletons? | support and maintain shape
improves movements
protect vital organs
store minerals
make blood cells
store fat
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| build bone up | osteoblasts
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| break down bone releasing minerals | osteoclats
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| maintain bone health | osteocytes
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| What type of bone is found on the exterior of bone? | compact
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| What kind of bone is found at the ends of long bones? | sponge bone
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| the process in which cartilage is replaced by bone | ossification
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| supplies the energy needed for muscle contraction | ATP
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| formed by thick filaments to allow filaments to slide past one another | cross bridges
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| bundles of tightly packed protein filaments inside muscle fibers | myofibrils
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| thick protein in muscle fibers | myosin
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| thin protein filaments in muscle fibers | actin
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| tough layer of connective tissue surrounding the bone | periosteum
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| soft tissue in bone cavities that stores fat | yellow marrow
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| produce red blood cells | red marrow
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| shoulder and hip | ball and socket
🗑
|
||||
| elbows, ankles, and knees | hinge
🗑
|
||||
| multiple nuclei, voluntary, striated | skeletal muscle
🗑
|
||||
| spindle shaped, non-striated, involuntary, 1 nuclei | smooth muscle
🗑
|
||||
| involuntary, striated, 1+ nuclei | cardiac muscle
🗑
|
||||
| connected to each other by gap junctions | cardiac muscle
🗑
|
||||
| between skull bones | immovable
🗑
|
||||
| synovial joits | freely movable
🗑
|
||||
| ulna/ radius | pivot
🗑
|
||||
| knuckles | epilloical
🗑
|
||||
| thumb | saddie
🗑
|
||||
| state the sliding filament theory | 1. releases the neuro transmitter Ach
2. causes muscle to release calcium
3. exposes biding site on actin
4. actin + myosin form a cross bridge
5. Bowerstrokes to bring Z lines closer together
🗑
|
||||
| ligaments | bone to bone
🗑
|
||||
| skin, hair, nails | Integumentry
🗑
|
||||
| function of integumentry | prevent dehydration, protection, relax waste, regulates, vitamin D
🗑
|
||||
| Where is the red bone marrow found? | spongy bone
🗑
|
||||
| What is the function of melanin? | protect the skin by absorbing UV rays form the sun.
🗑
|
||||
| Where are melanocytes found? | epidermis
🗑
|
||||
| What type of muscle contracts rapidly and generates a lot of force quickly? | white muscle
🗑
|
||||
| What is the largest organ in your body? | skin
🗑
|
||||
| What do sebaceous glands produce? | sebum
🗑
|
||||
| What is the composition of an endoskeleton? | living cells, collagen contain minerals, Bone, cartilage, and connective tissues.
🗑
|
||||
| wear and tear of cartilage | osteoarthritis
🗑
|
||||
| What is cartilage and what purpose does it serve? | tough connective tissue that is found between bones; It cushions, creates a frictionless environment, during movement
🗑
|
||||
| What are tendons? | muscle to bone
🗑
|
||||
| What is the name of the contracting unit of muscle? | sacromere
🗑
|
||||
| thick filaments | myosin
🗑
|
||||
| What are the 3 main layers of skin? | Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis
🗑
|
||||
| What are the differences between the 2 basic layers of the epidermis? | upper: of dead cells filled with keratin.
lower; maturing cells.
🗑
|
||||
| contains hair follicles, sweat glands, oil glands, sensory receptors, ? | the dermis
🗑
|
||||
| What is the function of keratin in hair? | keep supple and moist; in nails too
🗑
|
||||
| Infection or inflammation of the hair follicles. | acne
🗑
|
||||
| Red welts | hives
🗑
|
||||
| abnormal growth of skin cells often due to UV radiation | skin cancer
🗑
|
||||
| amount of heat needed to lower the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius | calorie
🗑
|
||||
| The most important nutrient | water
🗑
|
||||
| May be monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides | carbohydrates
🗑
|
||||
| May be saturated or unsaturated | fats
🗑
|
||||
| Polymers of amino acids | proteins
🗑
|
||||
| May be fat-soluble or water-soluble | vitamins
🗑
|
||||
| Required to produce the compound that makes up bones and teeth | minerals
🗑
|
||||
| the nutrient lost through sweat, urine and exhaled breath | water
🗑
|
||||
| the nutrient lost through sweat, urine and exhaled breath | make stronger
🗑
|
||||
| when a person stops growing or becomes less active, nutrient needs | decrease
🗑
|
||||
| the study of food and its effect on the body | nutrition
🗑
|
||||
| Where does chemical digestion begin? | mouth
🗑
|
||||
| Saliva eases the passage of food through the digestive system and contains | amylase
🗑
|
||||
| Which is the correct order of passage of food through the digestive system? | mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
🗑
|
||||
| Which of the following is not a role of the pancreas? | produces bile
🗑
|
||||
| Physical digestion or breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces is called | mechanical digestion
🗑
|
||||
| Breaks down starches into disaccharides | salivary amylase
🗑
|
||||
| starch | carbohydrates
🗑
|
||||
| The last part of the large intestine, it releases wastes out of the body | rectum
🗑
|
||||
| The primary function of the large intestine | absorb water
🗑
|
||||
| Absorb the products of carbohydrate and protein digestion in the villi | capillaries
🗑
|
||||
| Continues the breakdown of protein in the small intestine | trypsin
🗑
|
||||
| products into the blood or lymph | absorption
🗑
|
||||
| moving foods | propulsion
🗑
|
||||
| Nutrients are absorbed through | active transport
🗑
|
||||
| where fat digestions begins | small intestine
🗑
|
||||
| What are food components? | Nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats, nucleic acids), minerals and vitamins.
🗑
|
||||
| What are the 4 main organic nutrients? | Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fats
Nucleic Acids
🗑
|
||||
| What do proteins get broken down into and how does the body use them? | amino acids that aid in metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, transporting molecules, and cell structures in the stomach
🗑
|
||||
| What do fats get broken down into ? | glycerol and fatty acids
🗑
|
||||
| inorganic molecules that perform vital functions | minerals
🗑
|
||||
| Breaks down fat | lipase
🗑
|
||||
| causes muscle fibers to lock in continuous contraction | tetanus
🗑
|
||||
| wasting away of skeletal muscles | muscle dystrophy
🗑
|
||||
| Absorb fats and fatty acids | lymph vessels
🗑
|
||||
| What is the purpose of the excretory system? | remove metabolic wastes from the body and maintain homeostasis
🗑
|
||||
| What organs are involved in the excretory system? | The skin, lungs, liver, kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
🗑
|
||||
| How does the skin help remove waste? | sweating
🗑
|
||||
| How do the lungs excrete wastes? | carbon dioxide, a waste of cellular respiration is released when breathing
🗑
|
||||
| What does the kidney do? | filtering process, the
kidneys remove excess water,
urea and metabolic wastes from
the blood
🗑
|
||||
| outer portion | Cortex
🗑
|
||||
| inner sections | medulla
🗑
|
||||
| dip in oval structure | pelvis
🗑
|
||||
| dirty blood enters | renal artery
🗑
|
||||
| clean blood exists | renal vein
🗑
|
||||
| actual filtering unit of the kidney | nephron
🗑
|
||||
| How does the nephron filter blood? | Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
🗑
|
||||
| Filtration of blood mainly occurs in the | glomerulus
🗑
|
||||
| solution of water, glucose, amino acids, urea, minerals, forced into Bowman's capsule | filtrate
🗑
|
||||
| How much blood is filtered in a day? | filter 189 L of blood per day.
About 99% of the filtrate is reabsorbed.
excrete about 1 – 2 L
🗑
|
||||
| blood cleaning process is done artificially through the process of “dialysis” until a new kidney can be transplanted | kidney dialysis
🗑
|
||||
| pumps to the lungs | Pulmonary Circulation
🗑
|
||||
| delivers oxygen to the cells of the body | Systemic Circulation
🗑
|
||||
| carry blood away from the heart | arteries
🗑
|
||||
| carry blood toward the heart | veins
🗑
|
||||
| the site of gas exchange with cells | capillaries
🗑
|
||||
| What is the function of the circulatory system? | To transport nutrients, hormones, metabolic waste and gases throughout the body
🗑
|
||||
| What structures are part of the circulatory system? | The heart, the blood vessels and blood
🗑
|
||||
| What are the name of the upper heart chambers that receive blood? | right atrium receives poor-blood from body
left atrium receive oxygen rich blood from lungs
🗑
|
||||
| What are the name of the upper heart chambers that receive blood? | right ventricle poor from lungs
left; rich blood from body tissues
🗑
|
||||
| veins attach to | atriums
🗑
|
||||
| arteries attach to | ventricles
🗑
|
||||
| What are the 5 kinds of blood vessels? | Artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, and vein
🗑
|
||||
| veins are thinner and have valves | arteries are thick and diameters are smaller
🗑
|
||||
| What is the name of the largest artery and where is it found? | aorta
🗑
|
||||
| What is the name of the largest vein and where is it found? | superior and inferior vena cava
🗑
|
||||
| Which of the 2 circulatory systems is largest, the pulmonary or the systemic circuit? | systemic
🗑
|
||||
| What structure in the heart keeps the oxygen-poor blood on the right side from mixing with the oxygen-rich blood found on the left side? | septum
🗑
|
||||
| What is the name of the bunch of nervous tissue that controls the heartbeat and where is it found? | SA node
🗑
|
||||
| What do the 2 numbers of the blood pressure ratio mean? | systole/diastole
🗑
|
||||
| What are the functions of the lymphatic system? | Return fluids back to the circulatory system
Filter out bacteria, foreign materials, toxins in lymph
Transport proteins back to blood
Produce antibodies to fight bacteria
Absorbs fat from the intestine and transport to liver
🗑
|
||||
| What are the organs of the lymphatic system? | thymus, liver, spleen, tonsils, bone marrow and a series of lymph vessels and nodes.
🗑
|
||||
| red blood cells | carry oxygen
🗑
|
||||
| white blood cells | immune system
🗑
|
||||
| Platelets | clotting
🗑
|
||||
| red blood cells are bags of | hemaglobin
🗑
|
||||
| broken off fragments of macrophage cytoplasm involved in clotting | platelets
🗑
|
||||
| 10 million per mL | white blood cells
🗑
|
||||
| 5 billion per mL | red blood cells
🗑
|
||||
| 400 million per mL | platelets
🗑
|
||||
| What does thromboplastin convert prothrombin into? | thrombin
🗑
|
||||
| What does thrombin convert fibrinogen into? | fibrin
🗑
|
||||
| sticky protein that forms a network of fibers that are the basis of a clot | fibrin
🗑
|
||||
| What are the 3 basic steps for blood clotting? | 1. break in capillary
2. platelets clump at site and release thromboplastin which converts prothrombin to thrombin
3. clot forms when thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin
🗑
|
||||
| How are blood types determined? | The antigen that is present
🗑
|
||||
| Which blood type can receive blood from anybody – aka the universal recipient? | type AB
🗑
|
||||
| What blood type can donate to any other blood group? | type O
🗑
|
||||
| Why is the Rh factor important when a woman is Rh negative? | develops antibodies against the RH factor of her baby if no shot of rhogam to suppress antibodies could harm baby
🗑
|
||||
| lack of oxygen typically due to a deficiency of red blood cells or low iron | anemia
🗑
|
||||
| cancer of the white blood cells | leukemia
🗑
|
||||
| X-linked recessive genetic disease that results in poor clotting of blood | hemophilia
🗑
|
||||
| kissing disease | mononucleosis
🗑
|
||||
| viral infection that disables the helper T-cells of the immune system | AIDS
🗑
|
||||
| a hardening of the arteries ; loss elasticity | arteriosclerosis
🗑
|
||||
| produced by the hosts B cells and each is made for a specific foreign antigen | antibodies
🗑
|
||||
| foreign invade ; triggers an immune response | antigen
🗑
|
||||
| How do vaccines work? | a small amount or less dangerous form of a pathogen to a person and then let that person’s immune system formulate an antibody against it memory B cells produce antibodies against the invader the next time it is seen
🗑
|
||||
| 55% of blood | plasma
🗑
|
||||
| 45% of blood | red blood cells
🗑
|
||||
| What are the functions of blood? | transports nutrients, gasses, wastes around the body
It regulates body temperature, Protect from invaders.
Restricts the loss of fluids
🗑
|
||||
| mammals that lay eggs and the development of the fetus is external or occurs outside the mother | monotremes
🗑
|
||||
| ex of montremes | platypus and anteater
🗑
|
||||
| mammals that give birth to a partially developed fetus | marsupials
🗑
|
||||
| es of marsupials | kangaroo, wombat, koalas
🗑
|
||||
| internal fertilization | placental
🗑
|
||||
| ex of placental | humans
🗑
|
||||
| a skin sac that houses the testes; 3oF below body temperature | scrotum
🗑
|
||||
| occurs and testosterone is produced in the testes | Spermatogenesis
🗑
|
||||
| sperm stored; 9-10 weeks | epididymis
🗑
|
||||
| One of hundreds of tiny tubes in which sperm are produced | Seminiferous tubule
🗑
|
||||
| releases FSH | anterior pituitary
🗑
|
||||
| travels through the blood to the ovary and stimulates the maturation of follicles | eggs
🗑
|
||||
| stimulates the maturation of eggs within the follicles | FSH
🗑
|
||||
| release estrogen | follicles
🗑
|
||||
| when the follicle ruptures releasing the egg | ovulation
🗑
|
||||
| During menses about | 1/4 to 1/2 cup is lost
🗑
|
||||
| 3 phase menstrual cycle | menstruation (lasting 1 – 5 days), the follicular phase ( lasts about 14 days in a 28 day cycle), and the luteal phase lasts about 14 days
🗑
|
||||
| breast feeding benefits | Physical and emotional benefits include creating a close mother-child bond maintain the release of progesterone and prolactin good diet is passed on and antibodies
🗑
|
||||
| views fetus in utero; uses endoscope | Fetoscopy
🗑
|
||||
| 12-18 week fetus ; Remove amniotic fluid ; 0.25-.5 chance of miscarrage | Amniocentesis
🗑
|
||||
| High frequency sound waves Examine image on monitor | ultasound
🗑
|
||||
| 3 stages labor | Cervix dilates…vaginal opening enlarges…amniotic sac bursts (water breaks)
Child delivered through vagina
Placenta (afterbirth) expelled
controlled by oxytocin
🗑
|
||||
| when the male and female gametes (sperm and egg) unite | fertilization
🗑
|
||||
| gametes are | haploid (1 copy)
🗑
|
||||
| organisms are diploid | 2 copy
🗑
|
||||
| form of asexual reproduction. when the growth and development of embryos occurs without fertilization | Parthenogenesis
🗑
|
||||
| outside the organism | external fertilization
🗑
|
||||
| within the organism | internal fertilization
🗑
|
||||
| the egg must have been recently released | proper timing
🗑
|
||||
| Pathway for gametes | internal travel in tubes
🗑
|
||||
| Protection of gametes | external: many eggs
internal: placed inside female
🗑
|
||||
| Insects Some fish & reptiles Birds Monotreme mammals | external egg laying
🗑
|
||||
| Some fish & reptiles Marsupials Placental mammals | Internal: Give birth
🗑
|
||||
| more embryos survive; ecothermic | Reptiles and birds
🗑
|
||||
| Caused by a spirochete Chancre, rash and organ damage | Syphilis
🗑
|
||||
| Caused by a bacteria Painful urination, pus and sterility | Gonorrhea
🗑
|
||||
| Caused by a virus Blisters, pain, headache, rash | herpes
🗑
|
||||
| Caused by a virus Decrease in immunity | AIDS
🗑
|
||||
| have both testes and ovaries; do not have separate sexes | hermaphrodites
🗑
|
||||
| ex of hermaphrodites | snails slugs, clown fish
🗑
|
||||
| Caterpillars metamorphose into | butterflies
🗑
|
||||
| Complete metamorphosis | Egg..larva..pupa..adult
🗑
|
||||
| Incomplete metamorphosis | Egg…nymph…adult
🗑
|
||||
| ex of incomplete | crickets, roaches, grasshoppers
🗑
|
||||
| ex of complete | butterflies, moths, houseflies
🗑
|
||||
| An example of non-viable parthenogenesis | bee hives
🗑
|
||||
| are genetically identical | Identical twins
🗑
|
||||
| when 2 eggs are fertilized by two different sperm | fraternal twins
🗑
|
||||
| Ovum stage weeks 1-2 | Cleavage and implantation
🗑
|
||||
| Embryo stage weeks 3-8 | Main organs appear
Susceptible to outside stimuli
🗑
|
||||
| Fetal stage weeks 9-40 | Size increases
Systems become functional
🗑
|
||||
| - The amount of time it takes for an isotope to decay by one half | Half life
🗑
|
||||
| The process in which organisms change over time | evolution
🗑
|
||||
| What was the name of the islands that Darwin explored while traveling on the HMS Beagle? | Galapagos Islands of Equador
🗑
|
||||
| What were Darwin’s 3 general findings about variations among species? | Species vary globally
Species vary locally
Species vary over time
🗑
|
||||
| an example of species varying globally | flightless birds: emus, rheas, and ostriches
🗑
|
||||
| species varying over time ex | extinct glyptodont; armadillo
🗑
|
||||
| varying locally | Galapagos tortoises
🗑
|
||||
| ability of an organism to survive and reproduce | fitness
🗑
|
||||
| What is the idea of common descent? | Species alive today share common ancestors
🗑
|
||||
| What is the evidence for shared ancestors that supports the idea of common descent? | Comparative embryology, Comparative anatomy,
Comparative biochemistry
Fossil records,
Comparative Genetics
🗑
|
||||
| heritable traits that enable organisms to survive and reproduce | adaptions
🗑
|
||||
| What were the 3 main influences on Darwin as he was formulating his idea about “descent with modifications aboard the HMS Beagle? | Geology, agriculture, and population growth
🗑
|
||||
| What were the geological influences? | Works by the geologists James Hutton and Charles Lyell; provided the evidence for an older earth
🗑
|
||||
| What were the agricultural influences on Darwin’s thinking? | crops and animals
🗑
|
||||
| Malthus | populations grows faster than food supply
🗑
|
||||
| What was the title of Charles Darwin’s first book? | On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
🗑
|
||||
| Selection of organisms who survive because they have the best adaptations for their environment | natural selection
🗑
|
||||
| A type of human influences natural selection of the color of an organism | industrial melanism
🗑
|
||||
| The amount of time is takes for one-half of a radioactive substance to decay | half life
🗑
|
||||
| What are the 5 different ways that fossils are formed? | rocks, frozen in ice, captured in amber, preserved in peat bogs, and preserved in tar pits
🗑
|
||||
| What are scientists who study fossils called? | paleontologists
🗑
|
||||
| Newcomers to an area that upset the ecology | introduced species
🗑
|
||||
| driving force of evolution | DNA mutations
🗑
|
||||
| Name at least four introduced species to the Galapagos Islands. | fire ants, goats, pigs, cats, rats, dogs
🗑
|
||||
| Charles Darwin was a | naturalist
🗑
|
||||
| Darwin’s Findings | - organisms well designed for environment
- common descent; ancestors
- adaptions lead to fitness
- fitness; adaptions
🗑
|
||||
| How old is the earth? | 4.5 billion yrs
🗑
|
||||
| How do we know? | Radioactive dating
Rock layers
Geologic features
Fossils
🗑
|
||||
| First life | Volcanic
Hot
Atmosphere
🗑
|
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