"Prokaryotes" Evolutionary Biology, BIOL152 CSU Chico
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| biofilm | a complex communtity of different species of bacteria
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| peptidoglycan | carbohydrate polymers linked together by peptide cross-bridges. these often make up bacterial cell walls
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| pseudomurein | similar to peptoglycan in structure and function
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| gram stain | staining ptocess to identify between two types of bacteria
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| gram positive | has a thicker peptidoglycan wall
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| gram negative | has less peptidoglycan
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| lipopolysaccharide | lipids with polysaccharides attached
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| capsule | surrounds the other cell wall layers, gelatinous material
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| flagellin | the material flagella are made of
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| pili | hair like structures that occur on the cells of gram negative prokaryotes
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| endospores | a thick wall around their genome and cytoplasm in order to go dormant and survive extreme stress
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| nucleoid region | single double-stranded ring of DNA that is highly condensed to form a visible region of the cell
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| conjugation | gene transfer via cell-to-cell contact
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| transjuction | gene transfer by virus
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| transformation | recieves genes directly from environment
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| F-plasmid | independant genetic entity that uses cellular machinery for replication
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| Hfr Cell | high frequency of recombination; a cell with an integrated F Plasmid
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| generalized transduction | virtually any gene can be transferred
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| specialized transduction | only a few genes are transferred
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| R Plasmids | plasmids with antibiotic resistance genes
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| photoautotrophs | photosynthesis; use sunlight energy to build organic molecules from carbon dioxide
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| cyanobacteria | bacteria that use alpha chlorophyll as the key light capturing pigment
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| chemolithoautotrophs | ontain energy by oxidizing inorganic substances
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| nitrification | oxidize ammonia or nitrite to obtain energy producing the nitrate that plants get from the ground
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| photoheterotrophs | light for energy and organic molecules for carbon
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| chemoheterotrophs | majority prokaryotes; get energy and carbon form organic molecules
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| MDR strains | Multi-drug resistant strains
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