"Systematics, Phyloginies, and Comparative Biology"Evolutionary Biology, BIOL152
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| ancestral | similarity among species that is inherited from the most recent common ancestor of an entire group
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| derived | similarity that arose more recently and is shared vy only a subset of the species
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| taxa | species or higher level groups such as genera or families
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| polarize | to determine whether particular character states are ancestral or derived
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| outgroup | a soecies or group of species that is closely related to, but not a member of, the group under study
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| cladogram | depicts a hypothesis of evolutionary relationships
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| clade | species that share a common ancestor as indicated by shared derived characters
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| synapomorphy | a derived character shared by clade members
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| plesiomorphies | ancestral states
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| symplesiomorphies | shared ancestral states
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| homoplasy | a shared derived character state that has not been inherited from a common ancestor exhibiting that character state
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| principle of parsimony | favors the system with less assumptions
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| molecular clock | the rate of evolution of a molecule is constant through time
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| classification | placing species in groups
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| taxonomy | science of classifying living things
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| monophyletic | includes the most recent common ancestor of the group and all of its decendants
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| paraphyletic | includes the most recent common ancestor of the group but not all of its ancestors
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| polyphyletic | does not include the most recent common ancestor of all the members of a group.
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| Phylogenetic species concept (PSC) | the term species should be applied to groups of populations that have been evolving independantly of other groups of populations
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| species richness | the number of species in a clade
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| systematics |
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