Introduction to human cells pp. 91-157, 539-542
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| What is cytology? | The study of cellular structure and function
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| What 2 general classes of cells does the human body contain? | 1. Somatic cells
2. Sex cells
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| What are sex cells in the human body? What is their purpose? What can they also be called sometimes? | They are either sperm of males or oocytes or "eggs" of females. The fusion of a sperm and an oocyte at fertilization is the first step in creating a new individual.
They can otherwise be known as germ cells or reproductive cells.
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| What are somatic cells? | They are 'body' cells and include all the other cells in the human body.
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| What is the cytoplasm of a cell? | The inside of a cell that can be subdivided into the cytosol (fluid), and intracellular structures called organelles.
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| What is the Plasma Membrane? | Phospholipid bilayer containing phospholipids, steroids, proteins and carbohydrates. The plasma membrane isolates protects and supports the structure of the cell as well as controlling the entry and exit of materials.
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| What is the Cytoskeleton? | Proteins organised in fine filaments or slender tubes. They provide strength, support and movement of cellular structures and materials. ------ (slender) Microfilaments ======== (thicker) Microtubles
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| What are the Centrosomes and Centrioles? How many are in the cytoplasm? How many microtubule triplets is composed in each centriole? | Essential for movement of chromosomes during cell division; organisation of microtubules in cytoskeleton.
Cytoplasm contains 2 centrioles at right angles. 9 microtubule triplets in a 9 + 0 array.
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| What is the Cilla? What are the different types? | Long extentions of the plasma membrane containing microtubules. There is 2 types; Primary and Motile.
A primary cillium acts as a sensor and motile cillia move materials over cell surfaces.
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| What are Proteasomes? | Hollow cylinders of proteolytic enzymes with regulatory proteins at their ends. They breakdown and recycle damaged or abnormal intracellular proteins.
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| What are Ribosomes? What are the 2 types? What is their function? | RNA and proteins, 2 types fixed and free. Fixed are bound to rough endoplasmic reticulum and free are scattered in the cytoplasm. Their function is to synthesis protein.
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| What are Peroxisomes? | Vessicles containing degradative enzymes. They catabolise fats and other organic compounds and neutralize toxic compounds generated in the process.
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| What is Catabolism? | The breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones, together with the release of energy; destructive metabolism.
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| What are Lysosomes? | Vesicles containing digestive enzymes, their function is the intracellular removal of damaged organelles or pathogens.
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| What is the Golgi apparatus? | Stacks of flattened membranes (cisternae) containing chambers. They store, alter and package secretory products and lysosomal enzymes.
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| What is the Mitochondria? | Double membrane with inner membrane folds (cristae) enclosing important metabolic enzymes. The mitochondria portuces 95% of the ATP required by a cell (energy).
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| What does the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum do? | Modifies and packages newly synthesized proteins.
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| What does the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum do? | Synthesises lipids and carbohydrates
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| What is cyanosis? | Bluish dis-colouration due to excessive de-oxygenation
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| What is the Nucleus? | Controls metabolism, stores and processes genetic information and controls protein synthesis.
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| What are 4 functions of the plasma membrane? | 1. Physical isolation
2. Regulation of exchange with the environment
3. Sensitivity to the environment
4. Structural support
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| What is another terminology for the plasma membrane of a cell and what is it made up of? | Phospholipid Bilayer, Lipids are the hydrophobic tail on the inside of the layer, Phosphates are the hydrophillic head.
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| What is extracellular fluid? | Fluid outside of the cell
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| What is intracellular fluid? | Fluid inside the cell (cytosol)
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| What 4 other substances are in the cell membrane? | 1. Cholesterole and other seroids
2. Small quantites of other lipids
3. Proteins
4. Glycolipids.
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| What is the cholesteroles purpose for the cell membrane? | Stiffens the plasma membrane making it less fluid and less permeable.
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