Chemistry of Life
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| Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | stores the energy released from the breakdown of nutrients and provides it to fuel cellular reactions
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| acid | any substance that releases hydrogen ions in solution; pH less than 7
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| amino acid | organic compounds containing an amino group and a carboxyl group that are the building blocks of proteins
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| anabolism | the constructive phase of metabolism during which cells use nutrients and energy for growth and repair
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| anion | an ion with a negative electrical charge
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| atom | the smallest part of an element; consist of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons
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| atomic number | the number of protons in the nucleus of an element
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| atomic weight | the number of protons and neutrons added together
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| base | any substance that combines with hydrogen ions' pH greater than 7
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| carbohydrates | group of organic compounds known as starches or sugars that serves as the body's primary source of energy
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| catabolism | phase of metabolism during which complex substances are converted to simpler ones, resulting in the release of chemical energy
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| cations | an ion with a positive electrical charge
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| compound | chemical combination of two or more elements
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| covalent bonds | bond formed between two atoms when the atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
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| electrolytes | a compound that dissociates in water to create a solution capable of conducting electricity
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| electron | minute particle with a negative charge that revolves around the nucleus of an atom
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| element | a substance that cannot be separated into substances different from itself
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| enzymes | substances that change the rate of chemical reactions without being changed themselves
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| glucose | monosaccharide that serves as the primary source of energy for most of the body's cells
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| hydrogen bond | a weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom in one molecule and a slightly negative oxygen or nitrogen atom in another
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| ion | electrically charged atom
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| ionic bond | bond formed when one atom transfers an electron from its outer shell to another atom
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| isotope | one of a series of chemical elements that have nearly identical chemical properties but different atomic weights and electrical charges; many are radioactive
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| lipid | group of fats characterized by their insolubility in water
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| matter | anything that has mass and takes up space
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| metabolism | the sum of all the chemical reactions in the body
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| molecule | a combination of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds
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| neutron | particle without an electrical charge contained in the nucleus of an atom
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| pH | a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
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| proteins | very large molecules consisting of smaller chemical subunits called amino acids
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| triglyceride | most abundant lipid that functions as a source of energy in the body
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| energy | the capacity to do work; to put matter into motion
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| potential energy | energy that is stored in the bonds of molecules
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| kinetic energy | energy in motion
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| solution | particles of matter dissolved in a more abundant substance; can be a gas, solid, or liquid; particles cannot separate out when allowed to stand.
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| colloid | in the human body thes are mixtures of protein in water; can change from liquid to gel; particles are small enough to stay perminently mixed but large enough so that the mixture is cloudy
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| suspension | contians large particles; if allowed to stand the particles will separate out and settle at the bottom of the container
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| glycogen | the stored form of glucose
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| monosaccharide | contains one sugar unit
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| disaccharide | contains two sugar units
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| polysaccharides | contain many sugar units joined together
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| starch | the form in which plants store polysaccharides; examples are rice, potatoes, and corn; when consumed the digestive enzymes split the starch molecule and release glucose
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| cellulose | humans cannot digest this form of polysaccharide, it supplies fiber in the diet
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