Science
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| Any process of change through time. | Evolution.
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| Any remains or traces of a once living organism. | Fossils.
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| Ways to preserve whole organisms from decay. | Trap it in amber, ice, or tar.
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| What hard parts of an organism can be preserved? | Bones, shells, and teeth.
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| The process by which the body of a dead organism is slowly replaced by dissolved materials. | Petrifaction.
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| Fossils are formed at the bottom of bodies of water in which the sediments gradually settle and cover the bodies of dead organisms. | Sedimentation.
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| What trace of dinosaurs, besides fossils, has been left behind? | Footprints.
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| What traces did worms and burrowing animals leave behind? | Tubes and tunnels.
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| The upper layer contains ____________ and _________ complex organisms. | Younger, more.
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| The lower layer contains _____________ and ____________ complex organisms. | Old, less. (Primitive)
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| Sequence of changes in the complexity and type of organisms. | 1. Unicellular
2 Simple multi cellular
3. Complex multi cellular
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| Illustrates the hypothetical evolution of organisms and their relationships to other species. | Phylogenetic trees.
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| The study of structural similarities and differences among living things. | Comparative anatomy.
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| Structures found in different types of organisms that have the same basic arrangement of parts and a similar embryonic development. | Homologous structure.
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| Examples of homologous structures. | Whale flipper and human arm.
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| Why are the whale's flipper and human's arm homologous structures? | Same pattern and number of bones.
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| Structures found in different types of organisms that are similar function or outward appearance, but are dissimilar in basic structure or embryonic development. | Analogous structures.
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| Examples of analogous structures. | Bird and insect wing.
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| Remnants of structures that were functional in some ancestral form. | Vestigial structure.
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| Examples of vestigial structures. | Tailbones, wisdom teeth, appendix.
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| Embryos of organisms believed to be closely related because they show similar patterns of development. | Comparative embryology.
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| The composition and structure of the biochemical compounds in different species can be compared. | Comparative biochemistry.
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| Examples of comparative biochemistry. | Amino acid sequence, hormones, enzymes, proteins, DNA, and blood.
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| Believed that changes in the species occurred because of a striving of organisms for improvement. | Lamark.
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| Lamark believed that evolution was based on the _________ of an organism. | Needs.
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| The more an animal uses a particular part of its body, the stronger and better it becomes, proposed by Lamark. | Law of use and disuse.
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| Lamark's assumption that a trait acquired during the lifetime of an individual can be transmitted to its offspring. | Inheritance of acquired characteristics.
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| Said acquired characteristics cannot be acquired with the mouse experiment. | Weismann.
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| Said evolution occurred because of natural selection. | Charles Darwin.
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| The idea that organisms with favorable characteristics are better able to survive and reproduce than organisms not as well adapted. | Natural selection.
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| The four steps of Charles Darwin's theory. | 1. Overproduction
2. Competition
3. Survival of the fittest
4. Evolution caused by favorable variation
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| Discovered mutations and proposed that mutations are the source of new traits that permitted evolution to occur. | DeVries.
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| How did DeVries improve Darwin's theory? | He explained how variation occurs.
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| Two populations of the same species may become separated by a geographic barrier like a body of water or a mountain range. | Geographic isolation.
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| Populations of the same species have diverged enough that they can not longer interbreed. | Reproductive isolation.
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| Examples of reproductive isolation. | Finches and squirrels.
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| Examples of evolution in organisms. | Moths, bacteria, insects.
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| Evolution occurs gradually and continuously. | Gradualism.
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| Species remains the same for a long period of time with sudden and brief intervals of change. | Punctuated equilibrium.
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| The hypothesis that the first organic compounds were formed by natural chemical processes on the primitive earth. | Heterotroph hypothesis.
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| According to the heterotroph hypothesis, what were the first types of organisms on earth like? | Hetertropic, simple, unicellular, anaerobic, prokaryotes, bacteria.
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| The original atmosphere had no _____________. | Oxygen.
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| Primitive earth was much ___________ than it is now. | Hotter.
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| Sources of heat of the primitive earth. | Lightning, solar radiation, radioactivity.
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| Sequence of life on earth. | 1. heterotrophs
2. anaerobic respiration
3. carbon dioxide
4. autotrophs
5. oxygen
6. aerobic respiration
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